The Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to a person and their home by providing protection against unreasonable seizures and searches. While it provides protection, not every search and seizure can be deemed unreasonable unless it is classified as per the law, by determining whether there was: a) the level of intrusion of the individuals Fourth Amendment, and b) whether or not it pertains to the government’s interest, such as safety of the public. The right to protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is associated with two types of warrants: a) Arrest warrant: When probable cause is established that a person has committed a certain illegal act, a written order is then issued by authority of the state†¦show more content†¦It is vital for law enforcement to determine whether a search warrant, arrest warrant, or both is needed. When an arrest is to take place within a dwelling where reasonable privacy is expected, law enforcement must determine whether or not the prospective arrestee lives there. If the person to be arrested lives there, only an arrest warrant is needed. If the dwelling belongs to a third party, an arrest warrant and a search warrant is necessary. In order to comply with the Fourth Amendment’s protection of privacy, police must secure the appropriate warrant(s) and knock and announce their presence. There are three exceptions as to when officers do not need search or arrest warrants and/or announce their presence: a) Consent: When asking permission to enter, consent may be voluntarily given to law enforcement, as long as the person has authority to do so, e.g. the homeowner. Non-residential landlords, babysitters, caretakers, etc. lack authority to provide consent. b) Exigent (emergency) situations: Exigent circumstances can exist when the officer believes one or both of the requirements are present: †¢ Endangerment to the lives or safety of the officer, suspect, or third party †¢ Knocking and announcing may able the suspect to escape †¢ Knocking and announcing may lead to the destruction of the evidence c) Hot pursuit: Police are permitted to enter without knocking whenShow MoreRelatedThe Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe fourth amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights, and was introduced to Congress by James Madison in 1789. The role of the Fourth Amendment is to prohibit unreasonable search and seizure and a warrant is to be required that is supported by probable cause. Even though the Amendment was introduced in 1789, it wasn’t adopted as an official amendment until 1792, because in December of 1791 three quarters of the states had ratified the amendment. The fourth amendmentRead MoreFourth Amendment Of United States Constitution1139 Words   |  5 PagesSomalaraju Sateesh Kumar Raju 700628655 1. Fourth amendment of United States Constitution protects people from being undergone unwarranted searches and prevent their things from being taken away by authorities without proper authorization. If any government official or agent want to search an individual or their belongings, they should have proper reason to do that and get permission from the judge. Fourth amendment of United States constitution states that it is â€Å"the right of the people to be secureRead MoreGovernment Enforcement, Crime And The American Population Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesOn July 4, 1776, thirteen colonies declared independence from English rule, eventually forming the United States of America (â€Å"American History,† 2016). Built upon a unique platform of autonomy, the United States provides citizens with freedoms not present in other countries. In order to preserve such freedoms, the Constitution of the United States was enacted in 1797, outlining an array of rights and privileges afforded to all citizens of the country (â€Å"American History,† 2016). However, as in anyRead MoreThe Violation Of Fourth Amendment844 Words   |  4 Pagescase there are a few issues on appeal raised by Sitz. One of the issues was did the checkpoint violate the Fourth Amendment and did it forbid the balancing test. Another issue was that did it actual ly fail the effectiveness part of the Brown test. Furthermore, the issue of did the sobriety checkpoint which is permitted by the United States Constitution, violate the Michigan State Constitution (supreme.justia.com n.d). There was also issues of did the sobriety checkpoint have a very high or low arrestRead MoreFourth Amendment Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights is the foundation for life of citizens in the United States: everyone needs it, and without it, they would crumble and fall subject to government tyranny. In the case of the Fourth Amendment, the framers needed to find a way to protect the people of their country, whether it was for citizens to be secure in their houses, their papers, or their person, the framers had to amend a law that would defend their country and its beliefs against government intrusionRead MoreThe First Articles Of Confederation971 Words   |  4 Pagesthis was the United States first Articles of Confederation . The Articles’ final debut wasn’t until November 15, 1777 but to officially become one it had to make its way through every individual state to be ratified or accepted (Articles of Confederation). Later came the American Revolution which led the states dispute over political differences in other words the bickering over land Between Virginia and Maryland leading to a consequence of a 5 year delay. Soon majority of the states accepted andRead MoreUnited States Of America Constitution845 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America Constitution The United States of America is by far the most successful Republic governed country in the world and has managed to survive for over 223 years. The success can be contributed to the foundation that the farmers created, which is the United States Constitution. The framers knew that with time the needs of the people would evolve due to changes in society. That being said, they knew that the regulations in the Constitution would need to be adjusted or expandedRead MoreEssay on Violating the Fourth Amendment Rights of Antoine Jones788 Words   |  4 PagesIn this case, I am presenting an individual citizens Fourth Amendment protection captivated from Jones and others individuals. The government started investigating Jones with a suspicions conspiracy of drug trafficking. A tracking device installed on the defendants’ vehicle after a terminated authorize a warrant permanent to the Government to search and install a GPA on Jones vehicle. Antoine Jones and others with the same c onspiracy of the investigation were sentenced life imprisoned by the DistrictRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. â€Å"Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exerciseRead MoreEssay about Privacy Under the Fourth Amendment928 Words   |  4 PagesPrivacy Under the Fourth Amendment Katz V. The United States The petitioner Mr. Katz was arrested for illegal gambling, he had been gambling over a public phone. The FBI attached an electronic recorder onto the outside of the public phone booth. The state courts claimed this to be legal because the recording device was on the outside of the phone and the FBI never entered the booth. The Supreme Court Ruled in the favor of Katz. They stated that the Fourth Amendment allowed for the protection The Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights, and was introduced to Congress by James Madison in 1789. The role of the Fourth Amendment is to prohibit unreasonable search and seizure and a warrant is to be required that is supported by probable cause. Even though the Amendment was introduced in 1789, it wasn’t adopted as an official amendment until 1792, because in December of 1791 three quarters of the states had ratified the amendment. The fourth amendment had a case law that dealt specifically with three different questions: â€Å"what government activities constitute â€Å"search† and â€Å"seizure†; what constitutes probable cause for the actions that was taken; and how violations of the Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed†. (Brady) Pros and cons is good and bad information you need to know about something. A person’s privacy is something that shouldn’t be played with in serious cases, so one of the pros for the Fourth Amendment is it protects the privacy of citizens. Another pro is that people’s property and valuables were protected from getting taken away, which is also known as â€Å"seizure†. Before the 4th amendment was legal citizens would get arrested for no reason or a crime they didn’t commit. So, the last but not least pro of the amendment is it protected citizens from unfair and or unwarranted arrest. The amendment didn’t really have that many cons, because it was passed to help the people in a positive way. One of the consShow MoreRelatedThe Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to a person and their home by providing protection against unreasonable seiz ures and searches. While it provides protection, not every search and seizure can be deemed unreasonable unless it is classified as per the law, by determining whether there was: a) the level of intrusion of the individuals Fourth Amendment, and b) whether or not it pertains to the government’s interest, such as safety of the public. The right to protectionRead MoreFourth Amendment Of United States Constitution1139 Words   |  5 PagesSomalaraju Sateesh Kumar Raju 700628655 1. Fourth amendment of United States Constitution protects people from being undergone unwarranted searches and prevent their things from being taken away by authorities without proper authorization. If any government official or agent want to search an individual or their belongings, they should have proper reason to do that and get permission from the judge. Fourth amendment of United States constitution states that it is â€Å"the right of the people to be secureRead MoreGovernment Enforcement, Crime And The American Population Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesOn July 4, 1776, thirteen colonies declared independence from English rule, eventually forming the United States of America (â€Å"American History,† 2016). Built upon a unique platform of autonomy, the United States provides citizens with freedoms not present in other countries. In order to preserve such freedoms, the Constitution of the United States was enacted in 1797, outlining an array of rights and privileges afforded to all citizens of the country (â€Å"American History,† 2016). However, as in anyRead MoreThe Violation Of Fourth Amendment844 Words   |  4 Pagescase there are a few issues on appeal raised by Sitz. One of the issues was did the checkpoint violate the Fourth Amendment and did it forbid the balancing test. Another issue was that did it actual ly fail the effectiveness part of the Brown test. Furthermore, the issue of did the sobriety checkpoint which is permitted by the United States Constitution, violate the Michigan State Constitution (supreme.justia.com n.d). There was also issues of did the sobriety checkpoint have a very high or low arrestRead MoreFourth Amendment Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights is the foundation for life of citizens in the United States: everyone needs it, and without it, they would crumble and fall subject to government tyranny. In the case of the Fourth Amendment, the framers needed to find a way to protect the people of their country, whether it was for citizens to be secure in their houses, their papers, or their person, the framers had to amend a law that would defend their country and its beliefs against government intrusionRead MoreThe First Articles Of Confederation971 Words   |  4 Pagesthis was the United States first Articles of Confederation . The Articles’ final debut wasn’t until November 15, 1777 but to officially become one it had to make its way through every individual state to be ratified or accepted (Articles of Confederation). Later came the American Revolution which led the states dispute over political differences in other words the bickering over land Between Virginia and Maryland leading to a consequence of a 5 year delay. Soon majority of the states accepted andRead MoreUnited States Of America Constitution845 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America Constitution The United States of America is by far the most successful Republic governed country in the world and has managed to survive for over 223 years. The success can be contributed to the foundation that the farmers created, which is the United States Constitution. The framers knew that with time the needs of the people would evolve due to changes in society. That being said, they knew that the regulations in the Constitution would need to be adjusted or expandedRead MoreEssay on Violating the Fourth Amendment Rights of Antoine Jones788 Words   |  4 PagesIn this case, I am presenting an individual citizens Fourth Amendment protection captivated from Jones and others individuals. The government started investigating Jones with a suspicions conspiracy of drug trafficking. A tracking device installed on the defendants’ vehicle after a terminated authorize a warrant permanent to the Government to search and install a GPA on Jones vehicle. Antoine Jones and others with the same c onspiracy of the investigation were sentenced life imprisoned by the DistrictRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. â€Å"Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exerciseRead MoreEssay about Privacy Under the Fourth Amendment928 Words   |  4 PagesPrivacy Under the Fourth Amendment Katz V. The United States The petitioner Mr. Katz was arrested for illegal gambling, he had been gambling over a public phone. The FBI attached an electronic recorder onto the outside of the public phone booth. The state courts claimed this to be legal because the recording device was on the outside of the phone and the FBI never entered the booth. The Supreme Court Ruled in the favor of Katz. They stated that the Fourth Amendment allowed for the protection

Why Do I Want to Teach Free Essays

I was born and raised in the Bronx, New York. I attended NYC Public School 77, JHS 127 Alfred E Smith Technical Vocational HS. The Glee Club under the direction of Edna Floyd was my first step in to the world of music. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do I Want to Teach or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was in elementary school, that I received valuable training in singing as well as music theory and history. I marched in the drum line as a member of the New York Lancers Jr. Drum Bugle Corps based in the Bronx where many of my instructors where themselves, public school educators. After 3 years with the Lancers, I decided to Audition for the Garfield Cadets, a drum corps from Garfield, NJ. Garfield competed on a national level where the competition level was very high. We captured the world championship title four out of six years as a marching member and one of two years as an instructor. We won the best percussion trophy twice scoring a perfect score for one of the wins. It was at Garfield where I began to develop very valuable teaching skills under the direction and guidance of some of the best educators in the activity. I have taught many young people in various places of different ages, races and economic position. Young people want to be challenged and they love to develop skills they never knew they had. Most of all, they love to play music. The benefits conveyed by music education can be grouped in four categories: * Success in society * Success in school * Success in developing intelligence * Success in life I can teach train your percussion ensemble if one already exist, or we can start one up, either way the students get great training and information but most of all we have fun. We can have the group training culminate with a recital where the musicians get to perform live. Students learn a combination of marching and hand percussion techniques. It’s fun for those looking for a musical outlet as well as those who desire to study music in college. I believe that music education is a very important element to the development of a young mind. Scientific evidence proves that an education in the arts makes for better math and science students and enhances spatial intelligence. How to cite Why Do I Want to Teach, Essay examples

The Public PolicyManagement

Question: Give brief on the topic public policy that protect the architecture of the Internet and tell what are the problems and give solutions? Answer: Introduction With the advance generation and upgrade lifestyle internet has touched all those regions which are economically advanced and also has been transformed some part widely. In such a short time the expansion of it is commendable. It has made the system less expensive and very much attractive to other network company. However the benefits in economic and in social welfare are expected from these improvements, will expand with the correct implication of it and has to be understood in proper order. The source of pressure over internets architecture from wide scope for business plans premised over exploiting opportunities for regulatory bypass, which has posed challenges to the ability of public authorities to regulate communication industries. In united state, network agencies those are in long regulate telephone business those offer broadband access the internet as needed. Mostly due to the reason of competition policy, as all companies wants to give non-discriminatory access than to other broadband to their customers. As per information for now millions of networks hosts, around 200 million PCs are connected online. Somewhere while having few steps of precaution it can say that public policies is protecting the architecture of internet. Somewhere while having few steps of precaution it can say that public policies is protecting the architecture of internet. The users considered to be a particular homogeneous network but in reality it is heterogeneous in nature like as network of networks. Discussion Proper knowledge of using or implementing the information is very much necessary for democratic participation. Without appropriate knowledge it would be difficult to perform the features of the internet in favour of public use (M. Owen, 2015). If we talk about technology use it can be said that to encourage the entrepreneurial aspects one has to do everything they can where necessary. It is important to protect internet architecture as for now technology is an eminent ingredient in economic growth. America is a proper example of benefits through internet; it is wide platform to expand business work, to express individual emotions, for communications and commerce (Latiolais, 2008). With the few policies government has took the step to protect the internet architecture: Cyber security and internet policies. 21st century digital infrastructure. A modernize patent system. Learning technology (Huang, 2002). It can be described step by step to explain the policies more clearly; Cyber security and internet policies- president of America has pledged to keep open and free nature of the internet to encourage innovation and also to keep customer choice protected. The administration has created internet polices task force to bring industries together. An internet policy principle which has now made it internet medium of flourish communication with innovation is beyond expectations (Figliola, 2015). 21st century digital infrastructure- high speed internet infrastructure is widest way of 21st century for information economy. Broadband companies have expanded their speed of internet to make it faster in every term. The wireless broadband service has allowed people to use and learn more with internet. Now the administration is working for more policies in favour of publics safer use of network. A modernize patent system-the patent reform law makes work less expensive which use to occur due to unnecessary delays so companies can focus to the job creation and other work. With the policies numbers of transformative step has been took place. Entrepreneurs can avoid unnecessary excessive ligation ((Castells and Cardoso, 2005). Learning technology- technology can be proved as powerful tool to everyones life in all aspects likely; teaching, learning. Everyone whether the educators or the entrepreneur or may belong to any field can take the benefits of internet for research, or may be for learning purpose or anything technology can help all in a transformative way (Sharpe, 2012) . Copy right and intellectual property Copyright law is can be explained as like bridge created by the government to protect ones work or originality of ones work. With this the original idea and creativity of work can be keep safe so one can use it in his own work. Law, indulging copy right law, is usually, needed to draw line permissible work or inaction of all (M. Owen, 2015). This law basically works for the protection of the public in wider sense as well to ensure the consistency in social term. By now all of us know that internet has became the integral part of everyones life its nothing new in this, it is way of political, social and economic empowerment in our daily lives. However few has taken internet and its use for granted, so copyright has become the area that has taken as initiative (Mirell, 2008). No doubt that working as internet provider is a complicated business. There are certain ways for the providers to manage traffic congestion and malware to the networks with non-discriminating way(M. Owen, 2015). With the law copyright one can claim that the specific stuff is relate to him and can be identified with copy right (Blum Ibbetson, 2015). Conclusion With the initiative of protecting the internet architecture there are explicit rules has been formed which protect customers access to open internet with rules and regulation it would be able to protect the network neutrality. Broadband companies have to behave undiscriminating providers to the customers required providers has to be transparent to their network management practice. The innovation without permission implementation has affected countless countries and individual to create new application throughout the world. If users will have large number of choice broadband service provider, keeping an open internet may not be such a critical issue. With the policies created by the administration it became helpful to protect the architecture of internet.

Love Poetry English coursework Essay Example Essay Example

Love Poetry English coursework Essay Example Paper Love Poetry English coursework Essay Introduction I have studied two poems that are about love and seduction – ‘To my Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvell and ‘the seduction’ by Eileen McCauley. I will look at each of these to see how each one portrays love and seduction and how the authors use different style and language to show this portrayal.I will first study ‘To my Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvell. The first the thing you notice about this poem is the title of the poem. This title suggests how the man writing the poem is trying to get a successful seduction from his girlfriend. The word Andrew Marvell uses there is coy and this means to be shy or withdrawn and this suggests to me that it could be a poem of seduction and charm if his mistress is coy. The first lines of the poem say to his mistress ‘had we but world enough, and time. This coyness lady were no crime.’ He says to her that if they had enough time then they could do whatever they wanted and the shyness of his mist ress would be nothing wrong.I think he does this because he does not want to get angry and he wants to please her. I think he also tries to impress in the next line with tales of exotic places. He says ‘to walk, and pass our loves long day, thou by the Indian Ganges side’ I think he is trying to charm her by saying that if he had all the time, he would take her to India, which would be very exotic and rare when this poem was written. I think him comparing this beautiful place to the dingy Humber River, shows us what the difference would be if they were not together because he says he would complain if she were not by his side. I also think he is trying to portray how far he would take her to love her.The next thing he uses to charm his mistress is to say ‘I would love you ten years before he flood.to the conversion of the Jews.’ He is saying to her that if he had all the time in the world then he would love her from the start of time to the end because the Jews will ultimately all convert to Christianity. Andrew Marvell here ponders about the various views of time and what he would do if he had endless time to use. He says that his ‘Vegetable love should grow vaster than empires, and more slow.’ This shows how much his love is and how long it would go on for if it had to time to do so. He then goes on to say how long he would take to praise each part of her beautiful body but if he had ages to do so. He also cheekily comments that he would spend ‘two hundred to adore each breast but thirty thousand to the rest’ This is teasing his lady and showing her how much he adores and worships each and every detail of her body. At the end of this verse he backs up his charm and vigour by saying ‘ for lady you deserve this state; nor would I love at lower rate.’ He is saying, because if I could spend this time on you I would, because I love you and you deserve this praise.In the second verse however, Marvell uses the true meaning of time to illustrate to his mistress that they have limited time left to enjoy their life, and he also almost tries to frighten her into making love to him. He first says ‘but at my back I always hear times winged chariot hurrying near: and yonder all before us lye Desarts of vast eternity’ What he is trying to say is that they don’t have until the end of time to love each other and they have ‘Desarts of vast eternity’ lying in front of them, in other words the Desarts of vast eternity are what would be never ending time but which is not actually there. I think from here in he tries to scare her by saying how her beauty will not stay forever and how you should use it well while she can because everyone has to grow old and die in the end. The quote that told me this was ‘ thy beauty shall no more be found nor in thy marble vault, shall sound my echoing song.’ I think this echoing song is his love for her in a song but if she dies, this love could die forever too without doing something about physically showing their love for each other.Another thing, which he tries to frighten her with, is ‘ then worms shall try that long preserved virginity: and your quaint honour turn to dust.’ The disgusting thought of worms eating away at her virginity is horrible, but also true that if she tries to be so reserved, then it will work horribly against her when she dies, and her honour will go with this. He also says with this ‘and into ashes all my lust’ So here he is showing how he can not love her or make love to her once she has died, so why don’t they show their love for each other while they can. I also think he is saying that if she loses her virginity to worms, then she will not enjoy it, but if they make love, then they will enjoy it much more and there will be more honour to it.After this point in the poem, I think Marvell is showing that he makes a more concertive effort to gain the lady’s love physically and also he shows them as one pair rather than two separate people, and therefore they are together. The first line is’ Now therefore, while the youthful hew sits on thy skin like morning dew’ and I think this is showing the woman as personification of the dew, which is young and pure and beautiful in its way. He is also showing again how they are at the prime of their life and is at the best time to get together. I think at the word ‘now’, it signals a change in mood for the poem, as he is trying to tie up a physical relationship with her from then onwards in the poem. He has showed his love for her, and then showed the advantages of losing her virginity here and now he is trying to finally convince her that it’s the right thing to do.The language that Andrew Marvell uses shows the type of seduction that is quite charming and intrusive, but in a subtle way. One example of how Marvell uses language to portray a more subtle seduction is when he says ‘but at my back I always hear times winged chariot hurrying near and yonder all before us lye desarts of vast eternity’ This is a good imagery because you see the amount of time that they are losing without sex as the desarts of vast eternity. The idea of time that Marvell uses I think is portraying several things. One of these is that he and his lady cannot change time for their own needs and they cannot change time to love each other, so why don’t they as he says’ roll up all our strength and sweetness up into one ball’ and make love. I think the imagery of the sweetness rolling up into one ball coincides with the line’ And tear our pleasures with rough strife through the iron gates of time. I think Marvell is trying to say with these lines that even though they cannot change time, if they make love they can make time seem to fly and they can enjoy themselves.The first thing I noticed about à ¢â‚¬Ëœthe seduction’ by Eileen McAuley is that the language used is very much less subtle than In ‘To my coy mistress.’ I think this is because it is the story of modern day teenager and the language reflects the coarseness and less love of the poem. I think this poem tries to portray some of the different ways in which sex is used. In ‘To my coy mistress’ there is a relationship between two people, and although he is looking for sex from her there appears to be love between them, as he expresses to her. In ‘the seduction’ however, I think there is a more coarse way in which the two people have sex. I think something that shows us that there is no relationship is the difference in their conversation topics. The boy talk about ‘the milk cup and the next McGuigan fight’, about sports in a boyish way whereas she talks about her ‘O levels she’d be sitting in June she chattered on, and stared at the water’ The difference between this is that neither of them actually are there for love or relationship, but for intercourse and the lack of connection between them shows us this.This lack of relationship is also demonstrated because the boy is feeding her drink and we can tell this gets her drunk and lures her into sex from this ‘as he brought her more drinks, so she fell in love with his eyes as blue as iodine with the fingers that stroked her neck and thighs and kisses that tasted of nicotine’. We can see that her sex is chemically but not with any meaning. I think the author cleverly portrays to us that many people mistake sex for love and believe they are fallen in love when really they are being lied to or drunk. The line that shows this to me ‘he handed her the vodka, and she knocked it back like water, she giggled, drunk and nervous, and he muttered little slag.’One more thing I can see from this poem seduction, is that these chemical seductions can happen to people with many hopes and dreams but sex could ruin their lives forever, with babies. We know that this girl wanted nothing from this boy but was tempted and she now is ‘three months gone’. It shows us here the reality that our actions under alcohol sometimes come back to haunt us. In the poem, she ‘sobbed in the cool, locked darkness of her room and she ripped up her my guy and Jackie photo comics until they were just bright paper, like confetti, strewn on the carpet,’ I think here, the girl feels very much cheated by the promises from the magazines and that they did not tell her the full story of sex and that it did not tell her that it would have this bad consequences.The next verse then tells us how the pregnancy has robbed her of a part of her life, where she develops from a teenager into an adult, instead becoming from a teenager into a mother, which totally trips past what could have been an enjoyable part of her life for her. It also tell us of â⠂¬Ëœstupid stupid stupid promises, only tacitly made’ I think this is similar in a way to my coy mistress because there is a type of charm being appeared to be used, in a way but we can only judge for ourselves if both of them want love from their woman. The final thing I have found out from this poem that people’s judgment of others can sometimes be far too stereotyped and people do not think about what they ay before criticizing others. ‘ You always looked the type’ is the reaction that many could see from neighbours but in this case, could be seen to be unfair because she has been seduced by teenage hood and drink from this boy. It shows us that maybe we judge people too quickly before knowing their situation. Love Poetry English coursework Essay Thank you for reading this Sample! Love Poetry English coursework Essay Example Essay Example Love Poetry English coursework Essay Example Paper Love Poetry English coursework Essay Introduction I have studied two poems that are about love and seduction – ‘To my Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvell and ‘the seduction’ by Eileen McCauley. I will look at each of these to see how each one portrays love and seduction and how the authors use different style and language to show this portrayal.I will first study ‘To my Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvell. The first the thing you notice about this poem is the title of the poem. This title suggests how the man writing the poem is trying to get a successful seduction from his girlfriend. The word Andrew Marvell uses there is coy and this means to be shy or withdrawn and this suggests to me that it could be a poem of seduction and charm if his mistress is coy. The first lines of the poem say to his mistress ‘had we but world enough, and time. This coyness lady were no crime.’ He says to her that if they had enough time then they could do whatever they wanted and the shyness of his mist ress would be nothing wrong.I think he does this because he does not want to get angry and he wants to please her. I think he also tries to impress in the next line with tales of exotic places. He says ‘to walk, and pass our loves long day, thou by the Indian Ganges side’ I think he is trying to charm her by saying that if he had all the time, he would take her to India, which would be very exotic and rare when this poem was written. I think him comparing this beautiful place to the dingy Humber River, shows us what the difference would be if they were not together because he says he would complain if she were not by his side. I also think he is trying to portray how far he would take her to love her.The next thing he uses to charm his mistress is to say ‘I would love you ten years before he flood.to the conversion of the Jews.’ He is saying to her that if he had all the time in the world then he would love her from the start of time to the end because the Jews will ultimately all convert to Christianity. Andrew Marvell here ponders about the various views of time and what he would do if he had endless time to use. He says that his ‘Vegetable love should grow vaster than empires, and more slow.’ This shows how much his love is and how long it would go on for if it had to time to do so. He then goes on to say how long he would take to praise each part of her beautiful body but if he had ages to do so. He also cheekily comments that he would spend ‘two hundred to adore each breast but thirty thousand to the rest’ This is teasing his lady and showing her how much he adores and worships each and every detail of her body. At the end of this verse he backs up his charm and vigour by saying ‘ for lady you deserve this state; nor would I love at lower rate.’ He is saying, because if I could spend this time on you I would, because I love you and you deserve this praise.In the second verse however, Marvell uses the true meaning of time to illustrate to his mistress that they have limited time left to enjoy their life, and he also almost tries to frighten her into making love to him. He first says ‘but at my back I always hear times winged chariot hurrying near: and yonder all before us lye Desarts of vast eternity’ What he is trying to say is that they don’t have until the end of time to love each other and they have ‘Desarts of vast eternity’ lying in front of them, in other words the Desarts of vast eternity are what would be never ending time but which is not actually there. I think from here in he tries to scare her by saying how her beauty will not stay forever and how you should use it well while she can because everyone has to grow old and die in the end. The quote that told me this was ‘ thy beauty shall no more be found nor in thy marble vault, shall sound my echoing song.’ I think this echoing song is his love for her in a song but if she dies, this love could die forever too without doing something about physically showing their love for each other.Another thing, which he tries to frighten her with, is ‘ then worms shall try that long preserved virginity: and your quaint honour turn to dust.’ The disgusting thought of worms eating away at her virginity is horrible, but also true that if she tries to be so reserved, then it will work horribly against her when she dies, and her honour will go with this. He also says with this ‘and into ashes all my lust’ So here he is showing how he can not love her or make love to her once she has died, so why don’t they show their love for each other while they can. I also think he is saying that if she loses her virginity to worms, then she will not enjoy it, but if they make love, then they will enjoy it much more and there will be more honour to it.After this point in the poem, I think Marvell is showing that he makes a more concertive effort to gain the lady’s love physically and also he shows them as one pair rather than two separate people, and therefore they are together. The first line is’ Now therefore, while the youthful hew sits on thy skin like morning dew’ and I think this is showing the woman as personification of the dew, which is young and pure and beautiful in its way. He is also showing again how they are at the prime of their life and is at the best time to get together. I think at the word ‘now’, it signals a change in mood for the poem, as he is trying to tie up a physical relationship with her from then onwards in the poem. He has showed his love for her, and then showed the advantages of losing her virginity here and now he is trying to finally convince her that it’s the right thing to do.The language that Andrew Marvell uses shows the type of seduction that is quite charming and intrusive, but in a subtle way. One example of how Marvell uses language to portray a more subtle seduction is when he says ‘but at my back I always hear times winged chariot hurrying near and yonder all before us lye desarts of vast eternity’ This is a good imagery because you see the amount of time that they are losing without sex as the desarts of vast eternity. The idea of time that Marvell uses I think is portraying several things. One of these is that he and his lady cannot change time for their own needs and they cannot change time to love each other, so why don’t they as he says’ roll up all our strength and sweetness up into one ball’ and make love. I think the imagery of the sweetness rolling up into one ball coincides with the line’ And tear our pleasures with rough strife through the iron gates of time. I think Marvell is trying to say with these lines that even though they cannot change time, if they make love they can make time seem to fly and they can enjoy themselves.The first thing I noticed about à ¢â‚¬Ëœthe seduction’ by Eileen McAuley is that the language used is very much less subtle than In ‘To my coy mistress.’ I think this is because it is the story of modern day teenager and the language reflects the coarseness and less love of the poem. I think this poem tries to portray some of the different ways in which sex is used. In ‘To my coy mistress’ there is a relationship between two people, and although he is looking for sex from her there appears to be love between them, as he expresses to her. In ‘the seduction’ however, I think there is a more coarse way in which the two people have sex. I think something that shows us that there is no relationship is the difference in their conversation topics. The boy talk about ‘the milk cup and the next McGuigan fight’, about sports in a boyish way whereas she talks about her ‘O levels she’d be sitting in June she chattered on, and stared at the water’ The difference between this is that neither of them actually are there for love or relationship, but for intercourse and the lack of connection between them shows us this.This lack of relationship is also demonstrated because the boy is feeding her drink and we can tell this gets her drunk and lures her into sex from this ‘as he brought her more drinks, so she fell in love with his eyes as blue as iodine with the fingers that stroked her neck and thighs and kisses that tasted of nicotine’. We can see that her sex is chemically but not with any meaning. I think the author cleverly portrays to us that many people mistake sex for love and believe they are fallen in love when really they are being lied to or drunk. The line that shows this to me ‘he handed her the vodka, and she knocked it back like water, she giggled, drunk and nervous, and he muttered little slag.’One more thing I can see from this poem seduction, is that these chemical seductions can happen to people with many hopes and dreams but sex could ruin their lives forever, with babies. We know that this girl wanted nothing from this boy but was tempted and she now is ‘three months gone’. It shows us here the reality that our actions under alcohol sometimes come back to haunt us. In the poem, she ‘sobbed in the cool, locked darkness of her room and she ripped up her my guy and Jackie photo comics until they were just bright paper, like confetti, strewn on the carpet,’ I think here, the girl feels very much cheated by the promises from the magazines and that they did not tell her the full story of sex and that it did not tell her that it would have this bad consequences.The next verse then tells us how the pregnancy has robbed her of a part of her life, where she develops from a teenager into an adult, instead becoming from a teenager into a mother, which totally trips past what could have been an enjoyable part of her life for her. It also tell us of â⠂¬Ëœstupid stupid stupid promises, only tacitly made’ I think this is similar in a way to my coy mistress because there is a type of charm being appeared to be used, in a way but we can only judge for ourselves if both of them want love from their woman. The final thing I have found out from this poem that people’s judgment of others can sometimes be far too stereotyped and people do not think about what they ay before criticizing others. ‘ You always looked the type’ is the reaction that many could see from neighbours but in this case, could be seen to be unfair because she has been seduced by teenage hood and drink from this boy. It shows us that maybe we judge people too quickly before knowing their situation. Love Poetry English coursework Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Culture is mutual values, principles and rituals in which a set of people follow the policy and convention locate by the intimates. The WritePass Journal

Culture is mutual values, principles and rituals in which a set of people follow the policy and convention locate by the intimates. Introduction Culture is mutual values, principles and rituals in which a set of people follow the policy and convention locate by the intimates. IntroductionPROCEDUREDESCRIPTIONImportance of managing across cultureManaging across culture differencesTraining across culture differencesCONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated Introduction Culture is mutual values, principles and rituals in which a set of people follow the policy and convention locate by the intimates. Apiece person morals, beliefs and rituals depending on their birth of starting point, Family type, faith, Education, languages. In the minority countries still they go behind the old tradition which is centuries old. It seems to know that the different types of strategies in culture the majority important are associate the different cross culture and culture communication. In addition, the various government predominantly institution face a major troubles because one country culture will be completely different from other culture. In the Educational institution student are facing a lot of problems because they are from a mixture of parts of the world and they will face like blend with the other students who are completely different of their culture. It seems to know that the organizations were sending their employees to various parts of the world so that they can learn their culture. The organization will get the information regarding their culture. Based on this information provided by the employees who had worked their concerning what’s the culture they are adopting for working they will go behind if it’s good and they would execute such culture. In this description below we can clearly understand how the managing across culture was adopting. PROCEDURE Procedure for this report is: Two links have been used for managing across culture i. A number of examples have been mentioned and analysis based   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on managing across culture. ii. A range of types of comparison have been made for culture. iii.   Various culture differences have been conducted. DESCRIPTION The main role differences in cross culture communication and managing across culture which the performance select primary role in the stage. Cross culture communication: The areas which are separated because of cross culture commutations it seems to know that it is integrating. A variety of scholars describe the cross culture communication as mixture of various factors such as anthropology, cultural studies and psychology. Anthropology: It chiefly deals with civilization. It seems to know that the people were having a various feeling and sensitivity way which affects their emotion among the personality which special effects having the ability in different opinions. Cultural studies: It mainly deals with earlier period of olden times concerning with the culture. It may also clearly state the learning of similar type of education, communication, media theory, sociology and history. Psychology: The human beings can easily understand the behavior. In view of the fact that the communication is very interactive, relationship with main others is given below. They can realize that what we are trying to tell There should be patient while getting the information There should be clearly listened while getting in sequence Their answer make us that they have realize the meaning of what we are trying to tell When we are communicating to the people we can easily analyses the different mind of people while communicating with people. Importance of managing across culture Since Cross culture is very important in olden period. It depends on how we can easily communicate individual sensation with each other. Each entity will show his own expression in a different way depending on the origin when he arrived from and also society and which it might role a fanatic in expressing his outlook. Different countries should not be in a lone way while communicating with different countries. But it should be a two or more ways to communicate where the information should be accurately know by many more entity that is from different country. A set of role have a major different regarding the cross culture communication in various countries. For example European education system is totally different from Indian countries. An Indian student who wants to persuade his master’s in European countries should understand their method of teaching and if any major situation occurs it could appropriately corresponding the situation orals it might be not getting a major trouble. For that motive he should be more skilled in the good quality communication. For this situation it seems to know that getting a good practice in single way and having a good skills personality, it might be a time management or well know in various countries. The communication having a major apparatus of the vital for effective is knowledge. Experience and hard working were gained from the knowledge Communication had a two major effective role. It is very difficult to analyze the various problem of cross culture communication and to get outline the problems. On the other hand, people are changing to involve to the behavior and culture. Managing across culture differences It seems to that the above culture is collective among the values, belief and rituals. Collecting different cultures of other country will provide confusion and big differences. For example the student hadn’t submitted the assignment on time due to reason of sickness he could ask a better chance to complete the assignment for few more days because while talking the eye to eye contact it notice that weather the student is telling lie. It seems that the culture plays a major perform in trust between the tutor and student. Modifying cross culture awareness is one of the major things of differences and where to identify culture differences are identified and working atmosphere has to urbanize in a positive situation. If we want to aware a skills it could a proper communicate and enjoy the way that what we were accepted how to learn the skills and the thing and what we want to say and various methods to be developed because of various awareness. The main criterion in Cultural differences is to trust. In culture differences trust should be a proper exhibited because in cultural misunderstanding might be happen for a vital role. Training across culture differences For reducing the culture diversification we should learn the   Ã‚  Ã‚  techniques of proper skills and to teach how to implement them. Knowledge, experience, society are arises from different cultures. It seems to know that the act of the every Culture results in act with individual wills its shine that we can easily analyze the culture not in sequence way. The creativity in culture it acts like Culture skills require the shared values, prospect, and creativity so that individual will be more interested in training and he will develop the skills quickly where there is creativity. The new skills have to learn by individual. Study culture: It is also one of the important components in cross culture. For an illustration a Indian student while entering to the university when he opening the door he will never see whether someone is entering after him he will straightly walk forwards, but in united kingdom the person will see any one is coming and then will keep the door open until they entire near the door and then they will walk. It seems that countries having the various cultures. So we can recognize how the culture is different in various countries. Culture perception: Different culture having their own beliefs and feeling in the various countries.    CONCLUSION It is apparent that this reports managing across culture which affects a major role in various countries. It seems to that the most Culture having its attitude that act as different culture in business, private companies, education field and even in   government situation it might change some culture behavior, but it seems to know that the most of the problem are avoid by faith or fear in different culture in various countries, but it will work strongly towards new generation it affects a good atmosphere culture across in several division and it provide a locating information in different culture and a lot of people can trust in faith. In addition, suitable training and methods should provide in different culture, because it will help a lot to people to recognize the various culture across the world.    REFERENCES Cross-cultural communication  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication Managing cross-cultural differences 1000ventures.com/ten3_operations/customized/cross-cultural_differences_china-us.html

All About Pirates and Their Treasure

All About Pirates and Their Treasure We’ve all seen the movies where one-eyed, peg-leg pirates make off with great wooden chests full of gold, silver, and jewels. But this image isnt really accurate. Pirates only rarely got their hands on treasure like this, but they did still take plunder from their victims. Pirates and their Victims During the so-called Golden Age of piracy, which lasted roughly from 1700 to 1725, hundreds of pirate ships plagued the waters of the world. These pirates, while generally associated with the Caribbean, did not limit their activities to that region. They also struck off the coast of Africa and even made forays into the Pacific and Indian Oceans. They would attack and rob any non-Navy ship that crossed their paths: mostly merchant and slave vessels plying the Atlantic. The plunder the pirates took from these ships mainly were trade goods profitable at the time. Food and Drink Pirates often plundered food and drink from their victims: Alcoholic drinks, in particular, were rarely if ever allowed to continue on their way. Casks of rice and other foodstuffs were taken on board as needed, although the less cruel pirates would leave enough food for their victims to survive. Fishing ships were often robbed when merchants were scarce, and in addition to the fish, pirates would sometimes take tackle and nets. Ship Materials Pirates rarely had access to ports or shipyards where they could repair their vessels. Their ships were often put to hard use, meaning that they were in constant need of new sails, ropes, rigging tackle, anchors, and other things necessary for the day-to-day maintenance of a wooden sailing vessel. They stole candles, thimbles, frying pans, thread, soap, kettles, and other mundane items and would often also plunder wood, masts, or parts of the ship if they needed them. Of course, if their own ship were in really bad shape, the pirates would sometimes simply swap ships with their victims! Trade Goods Most of the loot gained by pirates was trade goods being shipped by merchants. Pirates never knew what they would find on the ships they robbed. Popular trade goods at the time included bolts of cloth, tanned animal skins, spices, sugar, dyes, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, wood, and more. Pirates had to be choosy about what to take, as some items were easier to sell than others. Many pirates had clandestine contacts with merchants willing to purchase such stolen goods for a fraction of their true worth and then resell them for a profit. Pirate-friendly towns such as Port Royal, Jamaica, or Nassau, Bahamas, had many unscrupulous merchants willing to make such deals. Slaves Buying and selling slaves was a very profitable business during the Golden Age of piracy, and slave ships often were raided by pirates. Pirates might keep the slaves to work on the ship or sell them themselves. Often, the pirates would loot the slave ships of food, weapons, rigging, or other valuables and let the merchants keep the slaves, who were not always easy to sell and had to be fed and cared for. Weapons, Tools, and Medicine Weapons were very valuable. They were the tools of the trade for pirates. A pirate ship without cannons and a crew without pistols and swords were ineffective, so it was the rare pirate victim that got away with his weapon stores unplundered. Cannons were moved to the pirate ship and the holds cleared of gunpowder, small arms, and bullets. Tools were as good as gold, whether they be carpenters tools, surgeons knives, or navigational gear (such as maps and astrolabes). Likewise, medicines were often looted: Pirates were often injured or ill, and medicines were hard to come by. When Blackbeard held Charleston, North Carolina, hostage in 1718, he demanded- and received- a chest of medicines in exchange for lifting his blockade. Gold, Silver, and Jewels Of course, just because most of their victims didnt have any gold doesnt mean that the pirates never got any at all. Most ships had a little gold, silver, jewels, or some coins aboard, and the crew and captains were often tortured to get them to reveal the location of any such stash. Sometimes, pirates got lucky: In 1694, Henry Avery and his crew sacked the Ganj-i-Sawai, the treasure ship of the Grand Moghul of India. They captured chests of gold, silver, jewels, and other precious cargo worth a fortune. Pirates with gold or silver tended to spend it quickly when in port. Buried Treasure? Thanks to the popularity of Treasure Island, the most famous novel about pirates, most people think that the bandits went around burying treasure on remote islands. In fact, pirates rarely buried treasure. Captain William Kidd buried his loot, but hes one of the few known to have done so. Considering that most of the pirate treasure to be had was delicate, such as food, sugar, wood, ropes, or cloth, its not surprising that idea is mostly a myth. Sources Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Dover Maritime, 60742nd edition, Dover Publications, January 26, 1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2009 Konstam, Angus. The Pirate Ship 1660-1730. New York: Osprey, 2003

Social and Physical Benefits of Parks and Recreation Space Research Paper

Social and Physical Benefits of Parks and Recreation Space - Research Paper Example r, is not always the case in the country because many parks continue to suffer from lack of essential recreational facilities or over-emphasis on the natural environment at the expense of modern park facilities for sports and other modern forms of recreation (Godbey et al., 2008). The major problem is that irrespective of the relative development of many other public facilities in urban areas in the country, recreational parks still remain largely underdeveloped and traditional. The lack of modern facilities and other incentives in parks is keeping many people especially of the young generation from sufficiently utilizing these essential public spaces. 1.2 Research Questions This study was aimed at answering the following questions; 1) What is the role of recreational parks in urban neighborhoods in the area of study? 2) Is there optimum utilization of recreational parks in the area? 3) What are the challenges facing recreational parks in the study area? 4) What steps can be taken to modernize recreational parks for optimum value to the communities they serve? 1.3 Purpose of Study The purpose of this paper is to investigate the social and physical benefits of parks and urban green recreation spaces in the United States. The study involves comparative investigation of a number of public parks in residential neighborhoods of Los Angeles whereby various essential parameters of the parks are studied. This includes space allocated for the parks, facilities within the parks and the space allocated to each of the facilities, the number of people utilizing the parks and their mix in terms of age and race. The study also includes other characteristics related to the parks including issues such as crime and health. 2.0 Literature Review In view of the importance of parks as... The purpose of this paper is to investigate the social and physical benefits of parks and urban green recreation spaces in the United States. The study involves comparative investigation of a number of public parks in residential neighborhoods of Los Angeles whereby various essential parameters of the parks are studied. This includes space allocated for the parks, facilities within the parks and the space allocated to each of the facilities, the number of people utilizing the parks and their mix in terms of age and race. The study also includes other characteristics related to the parks including issues such as crime and health.In view of the importance of parks as areas for recreation and environmental conservation, many studies are increasingly being carried out to highlight their physical and social benefits to the society as well as improve their management.Urban nature in the form of parks, forests, and green belts, and its components such as trees and water, positively impacts the environment and ecology of a region. It accomplishes â€Å"important environmental services such as air and water purification, the wind and noise filtering, and microclimate stabilization†. Thus, parks promote physical health by providing green spaces and fresh air for exercising and walking and increase social well-being through opportunities for interacting with neighbors and peers at a shared, common location. The social and psychological services of parks and recreation are vital for the livability of modern cities.

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty Assignment - 1

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty - Assignment Example In general, this group of women is in the most difficult phase in its womanhood: menopause period. There are several changes that occur in their bodies that are mainly biological; undoubtedly, the physiological modification has the direct and visible effect on the psychological aspect of the person undergoing such body changes. Pregnancy in this particular period is very dangerous for women who undergo such childbearing. Â  Based on certain statistics, women of such age bracket are twice more at risk of having a fetal demise in contrast to the younger women (Klossner, 2006). This implies that in giving birth to a newborn baby, the lives of the women whose age is over 40 are in greater danger than those of the women below such age bracket. This sort of tragedy (i.e., death) from childbearing is largely attributed to the physiological characteristic characterized in the at-risk group of women. Due to dramatic changes in their bodies (e.g., ovaries), pregnancy for this group of women is complicated, which leads, at certain times, to their ultimate demise. Moreover, women who are pregnant in their 40s and above are more likely to have a type of cesarean delivery (Klossner, 2006). In contrast to young women, women of considerable age are prone to cesarean operation probably due to the biological complexity inherent in menopausal stage. It is noteworthy that there are two human beings that are at risk in this type of scenario: the mother and the baby. Â  In the process, the at-risk group of women inevitably needs vital support from the family in particular and the community in general. In the absence of the family, the community through its resources is essential in facilitating the pregnant woman whose age is over 40.

Prejudice Paper Essay Example for Free

Prejudice Paper Essay Through our own personal experience, Professor McAuliff would like us to use the topics we discussed throughout the semester to show an understanding of the concepts. Using my experience with prejudice I will be providing how what I learned in the social psychology textbook. Prejudice has been a very relevant topic I have related with throughout my life. In addition to reading and thinking about the concepts covered in the text, an important part of the learning process includes applying these concepts to your own life and experiences. Prejudice is a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members (Myers). Prejudice is an attitude essentially that can be either positive or negative judgments. More than likely the prejudice someone is faced with is negative. Being that it is an attitude you also have to know about the ABC’s of attitudes. A is for the affect or feelings. B is for the behavior tendency or inclination to act. And C is for the cognitions or beliefs. They also help tie into stereotypes and discrimination. Stereotypes is a negative evaluation in which you generalize the personal attributes of a group. Discrimination is an unjustified behavior toward ones group. Whether it is conscious or automatic prejudice is your quick response to associations. â€Å"Although our [conscious] minds are in the right places and we may truly believe we are not prejudiced, our hearts aren’t quite there yet† (John Dovido, Time, 2009). With so many races in the world, it is often easy to see how quickly we are to label one another. Racial prejudice is Sco? 1 prime example of people labeled what a person should be. It goes far beyond enough for racial prejudice within the same groups some identify themselves with. People tend to point out what is wrong in their group before they admit their wrongs. In some groups you have anti- whatever the group is because a hatred developed from society. Prejudice is spread out throughout the world. Not strictly a racial epidemic it can be anything from youth disliking the elderly to genders disliking genders. It affects everyone the same especially from the negative side. When it is automatic your unconscious associations can be influenced by perceptions and reactions you have. Especially for gender prejudice, the gender role norms come into play. People have ideas on how men and women ought to behave. Often prejudice and stereotype do get confused in this area. Stereotypes only support prejudice beliefs and attitudes are separate. With more separation prejudice has social inequalities. They allow for one group to seek dominance over the other. Making groups break off into a particular status. Creating this social hierarchy that can create hostility amongst groups. Status is looked the most in regards to the negative feeling that appear in prejudice socially. Rich versus the poor is the most common social dominance orientation. The fact of the matter is people want to be on top of the hierarchy. Prejudice coming in so many forms is easy to grasp the idea of it being everywhere. Nothing beats facing prejudice for the first time. As an African American male I have been faced with plenty of different forms of prejudice. I can recall being discriminated against just for being not only black but intelligent within my own group of black people. My very own cousin would tease me and call me a â€Å"white boy†, which I am clearly not, because I was interested in school. I was the first of many of my cousins to graduate high school and instead of being proud me they would tell me I was uppity or not black enough for them. It is very hard when your very own Sco? 2 family doesn’t expect you. I wanted some much to conform to what they did but I wasn’t thety pe of person who wanted to live a life. My cousins definitely are your stereotypical black people. I have found myself in a different social class than them just because I have worked harder than they have to be something more than someone running the streets. I can agree with racial prejudice the author discusses in the textbook because it has yet to die out. However racial prejudice in the black community in my opinion is at an all-time high and very prevalent. Though we have changed since the 1940’s the anti-black prejudices haven’t. Social dominance is felt whether if it is whites being above blacks or other blacks be above other blacks. Prime example is how black rappers spend their money on material items instead of investing or saving just to compete with who have more money or more material items than they do. â€Å"What you want, a Bentley? Fur coat? A diamond chain? All you blacks want all the same things, a line from Kanye West’s song New Slaves. He plays off of the typical stereotypes imposed on the black community, usually considered as hood dreams. Condescendingly, he uses the term â€Å"blacks† as a euphemism and expands on this idea when he says â€Å"I know that we the new slaves† (rapgenius. com, Kanye West, 2013). Prejudice exists in our unconscious and conscious forms. It is a preconceived negative attitude that can affect some of our beliefs. It can arise in a social sources and lead people to split in groups. â€Å"Unequal status breeds prejudice† (Myers). Whether it is implicit or explicit all prejudice can mirrored from group to group. It may be a subtle action, but the small action that creates the worst problems. References Dovidio, John (2009). Prejudice Researcher. TIME. Sco? 3 Myers, D. G. (2013). Social Psychology (11th Ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. RapGenius. com (2013). Kanye West- New Slave Lyrics Sco? 4.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown †The Theme :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – the Theme  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† states: †When Hawthorne called his stories ‘romances,’ he meant that they belong within the romantic movement that . . . . emphasize imagination and personal freedom† (18). It is the purpose of this essay to interpret the theme of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and determine where this â€Å"personal freedom† leads.    Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in â€Å"Stories Derived from New England Living† state: â€Å"’Young Goodman Brown’ uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of belief that trouble a man’s heart and mind† (31). It is on that one night of the year when witches have their coven in the deepest woods that the young husbandman, Goodman Brown, takes leave of his wife, Faith: â€Å"YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN came forth at sunset, into the street of Salem village, but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife.† The reader receives a premonition of the impending evil intrigue with Faith’s staement of her foreboding, troublesome dreams:    "Dearest heart," whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, "pr'ythee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that she's afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year!"    Regarding the theme, the clues increase when Goodman, having left his wife, Faith, all alone and melancholy, enters the woods and encounters a sinister type with whom he has previously made an appointment for this particular evening:    As nearly as could be discerned, the second traveller . . . had an indescribable air of one who knew the world, and would not have felt abashed at the governor's dinner-table, or in King William's court, were it possible that his affairs should call him thither. But the only thing about him, that could be fixed upon as remarkable, was his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent. This, of course, must have been an ocular deception, assisted by the uncertain light.    The evil nature of this individual is made manifest, and thus evil enters the story in a significant way.

Frankenstein and Exploration

Frankenstein and Exploration â€Å"Curiosity killed the cat. † This phrase is used in reference to children, animals, and even adults. With cats, curiosity often leads to exploration. The phrase refers to a negative experience with exploration. A negative experienced exploration would be, for example, a stray cat that has found a family’s full garbage can to rummage through. Some people do not tolerate cats in their garbage cans, let alone cats themselves. This could get the cat in serious trouble or even killed.On the other hand, an example of a positive experienced exploration for a stray cat is finding a good home with a family who takes care of the cat and accepts it into their home. The positive and negative aspects of exploration have many different outcomes and consequences not just for cats, but for people or even other beings as well, depending on the kind of explorations. Exploration is defined as the act of investigating unknown regions. The unknown regions c ould be a physical place in the world, a place in the imagination, or even the acquiring of knowledge.Positive explorations are the most thought of aspects of exploration itself. They lead to great achievements in life for those who pursue it. As for negative explorations, they do not lead to great things. Sometimes acquiring too much knowledge can impact someone or something in a negative way, causing very bad consequences in their life. Exploring is mostly caused by a want of knowledge. Many great people in history are famous because of their strive for knowledge, causing them to go on a great exploration. The there are people like Victor Frankenstein.He wanted so much knowledge that he went above and beyond the expectation of mankind; he created life. This led to the fall of Victor Frankenstein and his creation. This is one example of how exploring can affect you in a negative way with too much knowledge. You could say that the less you know, the better off you are. Curiosity is the desire to learn about anything. This goes hand in hand with exploration. Any being that explores is more than likely curious about something they do not know. Famous explorers or even cats start out being curious.This curiosity leads to an exploration to gain the knowledge that they did not have before. Victor Frankenstein wanted to be famous. This led him to curiosity with life itself, which in turn led to exploring. He explored the ways of life and how life itself works. After all was said and done, Victor Frankenstein gained the knowledge that he nor anyone else had ever acquired. This knowledge led to his and the monster’s death. Maybe â€Å"curiosity killed the cats,† the cats being both the monster and Victor Frankenstein.Walton is striving for knowledge of what is beyond the boundaries of the ordinary way of living. He is exploring the North Pole with hopes of returning with a plethora of new knowledge. On his voyage, he encounters Victor Frankenstein at the end of Frankenstein’s journey. Walton is warned by Frankenstein to stay away from the acquiring of too much knowledge. Victor Frankenstein has been through the whole process of being curious, leading an exploration, and gaining too much knowledge. He knows that if Walton is just like he is, Walton will end up like him.Victor Frankenstein does not want to see anyone go through the misery that he was put through during his lifetime. The monster was created and then left on his own to fend for himself. He had no idea what the world consisted of and the dangers lurking everywhere he went. Much like a toddler, Frankenstein’s monster wanted to know and learn everything there was to learn in the world. He taught himself all the dangers of life, like fire and bad weather, and even how to speak and read. He acquired so much knowledge that he started looking back on his life.He hated Victor Frankenstein for leaving him to battle the world alone. He hated his creator so much tha t the monster wanted to destroy Frankenstein. If he would not have gained the knowledge like he did, the monster would not have known anything about his creator and how negatively Frankenstein treated him. The monster’s way of exploring was through this gaining of knowledge. This way of exploring is seen in many ways, making exploration a symbol for gaining knowledge, and reversely gaining knowledge is then made a symbol of exploration. Walton, Frankenstein, and the monster all had explorations of their own.Walton’s exploration was prevented by Victor Frankenstein for the good of Walton’s life. He was on his way to a negative exploration, and Frankenstein knew it. Frankenstein also knew that Walton’s exploration started with simple curiosity, much like himself. He did not want Walton going through what Frankenstein had to go through. The monster’s exploration was negative because he decided to use it in a negative way. He gained knowledge of Victor Frankenstein and decided to destroy him for making the monster’s life miserable. The monster is much like the cat.He did not have a home; he moved from one place to another often and did not stay very long near populated areas. He was always getting into other people’s stuff, like at the village. The whole village went after the monster for terrorizing the village. This is similar to a stray cat getting into a family’s garbage can. More than likely, a member of the family will chase the cat away before it does any more damage. After being rejected all his life, the monster finally gave up and committed suicide. In a way, the monster is like the cat, and curiosity definitely killed this cat.

Run Lola Run Speach

Distinctively visual Images and the ideas conveyed through them can both enhance or challenge our understanding of the world and humanity. Ideas associated with images can be powerfull enough to provoke further thinking and understanding of certain matters. This is greatly evident in the 1998 German thriller film â€Å"Run Lola Run† directed and written by Tom Tykwer together with the poem â€Å"Summer Rain† by John Foulcher. Through the use of strong images these two texts manage to express their main ideas such as chaos and its relationship with time. In â€Å"RLR† we witness the protagonists facing dilemma due to these two aspects of the world, seeking to overcome them with determination and love. Meanwhile â€Å"Summer Rain† shows the unpredictability of these ideas and their destructive power to harm or chip away. In â€Å"RLR† Tykwer made chaos and time two influences against which the protagonist â€Å"Lola† is working due to the conviction of her love for Manni. The composer combines the ideas of chaos and time through the fast paced, rapidly altered camera shots differentiating in angles and lengths. This is prominent during all three of Lola’s twenty minute runs. The camera is set on Lola yet changes its angles and lengths to synchronize with Lola turning corners, avoiding obstacles and the change in location. The Fast paced camera action allows us the audience see Lola’s perception of her progress to save her lover Manni within twenty mins. This constant rapid camera work during the running scenes emphasizes the chaotic atmosphere a common reaction when working against time. The chaotic atmosphere distorts the time and progress in the mind of the audience and Lola. The use of a split screen where Lola is on the left running towards the right, facing in the direction of Manni as well as well as an image of a clock ticking on the bottom avoids this distortion of time in the last crucial minutes. Showing her progress during the last minute enhances the intensity yet gives the audience a much more vivid understanding of the situation, much like when we check our watches when we arrive somewhere late or at the last minute of a given deadline. These distinctive visual features allow the audience to understand Lola’s state of mind in this complication, to which we can partially relate in the modern era. â€Å"The Summer Rain† provides further evidence of the relationship of chaos and time. John Foulcher is explaining about the rush hour traffic which is present at a certain time which will create disorder in someone’s schedule if adaptations are not made. â€Å"At 4 o'clock† cars/† The use of high modality giving us the context of images. The composer introduces us to the setting with the use of time conveying utmost in importance. The visual imagery creates a sense of a disordered environment, â€Å"clutter on the highway like abacus beads† the simile creating a perfect image of the disturbance to the responder. He then addresses the destructive nature of chaos â€Å"Somewhere ahead, there's been an accident/One by one, the engines/stop, the cars slump into dusk. † By using linear narrative, imagery of the turmoil along with rhythmic sentence and personification the poet allows the audience to synchronize with the series of events, which seem happen within seconds. With constant use of visual Imagery the author conveys the idea of and unifies it with time via use of simple rhythmic sentence. Both Composers use distinctively visual techniques as to enhance, convey their ideas and allow the wider audience to connect with the circumstances imposed in on characters in the texts, ‘Run Lola Run’ and â€Å"summer rain† use combination of Visual Techniques together with language devices to subject the to send the idea through to the audience. It is through the use of imagery that we more effectively understand certain ideas that are in relevant to the world and humanity.

How Does the Media Influence the Perception of a Womens Place

How Does the Media Influence the Perception of a Womens Place Free Online Research Papers The excerpt by Susan Douglas gives us an insight on how the media can manipulate the thought process of children. In the United States the media is used to sell products, nothing more, and nothing less. This is not a new idea in the United States; it has been around since newspapers have been selling advertisements. The advertisers decide how they are going to reach their customers. All advertising is based on the customers perception. That’s why most advertising is gender differentiated. You wouldn’t place an ad for men’s hair tonic and show all ladies in the ad space. Companies will continue to influence our thoughts and decisions as long as we continue to buy their products and conform to their messages. I don’t believe women’s place in our society has been influenced by what we see on television or read in print. The role women played in society fifty years ago is much different than that of women today. Fifty years ago women were expected to stay at home, raise the kids, pay the bills, and take care of their man. Men were expected to join the military, go to college, or get a job, and be financial provider for his family. Today, however, those gender based roles only remain in a very small percentage of families in this country today. Through women’s own stance for independence and the ever changing economy, many women are the bread winners and sole financial providers for their families. â€Å"Mr. Mom† is a commonly used name for men who now stay at home and play the role, only women once played fifty years ago. While it easy to blame the media for influencing our thoughts, it is up to you and only you to become the person you want to be. I have three children. A ten year old boy, a seven year old girl, and a five year old boy, all of which watch TV and none of which acts the way they do because TV influenced their thought processes. Sure, they want every toy on every commercial, and their decisions are gender biased, but they all want something different out of life. It is up to parents, and those who educate our children to teach them that whether you are male or female anything in this world is attainable. Research Papers on How Does the Media Influence the Perception of a Women's PlacePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Fifth HorsemanCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Best college

After graduating high school there are a couple of ideas on what college I should attend for my career choice. It’s hard on choosing a college that could help me get where I need to go, and the limited transportation that there is to get where I need to go. Going to a community college would be so helpful to me for the extra credits that could help me get into Dudley Beauty College. green river or an even better community college would be helpful to me especially there courses for the credits that I would need to help me out on getting into Dudley. Dudley Beauty College of Washington, is a college for people who live, eat, and sleep about cosmetology. This school helps people to learn the basics on cutting, coloring, re-shaping, and styling hair. I have been cutting hair and dying hair for about 3 years. I started practicing on my hair then went to family and friends. Its also helpful that to watch this TV show called Sheer Genius. They showed you how to use your sheers correctly and explained how to re-shape. While watching this I would pick up some of the materials that I know that would help me in the long run. Then I would practice on me to see how it would turn out and if good enough use on other people. It’s so hard on picking up on how to re-shape or modeling the hair to see if it looks right or if the shape is at its fine point. There are only a few months before graduation to figure out on want community college to start out with and to get a part time job to help with me with my expenses. I need to look up my budget, and with the lack of transportation there is as well. I would need to look at what classes I would need to take in order to get the kind of credits I would need for My BIG Time College. This whole process for me is going to take so much of my time, effort, and money. I don’t care if it takes years on schooling for me to become this hair stylist; it’s my passion and something that I have always wanted to do and I would take this with me for a life experience. Cosmetology is my passion. Dudley Beauty College is one of the best colleges that I know of that will suite me well. There are a lot of good quality’s about Dudley, there academics, there course and there courses to help out the students to achieve our goals. Dudley is the best college for me. This college can really help me out to become this hair stylist that I desperately want to become and to show me the material that there is to be known about to help. Even if it takes years I think that it will be worth it to me. I want to show my family that you can make a living doing this and to also prove that I get to do something that I really enjoy instead doing something that I don’t enjoy. I don’t care what I need to do in order to get into this college just as long as I get in.

Public heath and homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public heath and homelessness - Essay Example health professionals lobby the use of a broad perspective in the public health sector, wherein focus on the causes of these health issues as well as observed trends in the issues would be used to solve such problems (Krieger and Higgins 758; Meyer and Schwartz 1191). Connections between the rates of homelessness and the low quality of health among these people have been established by several studies in order to bring awareness to the readers as well as other medical professionals with regards to the increased health risks of the homeless as compared to people with permanent and secure dwelling places. The selection of test subjects in homelessness and public health studies were mostly done using certain criteria such as determination of residential status using the Homeless History Form (Caton 258), secondary analyses of the 2003 Health Care for the Homeless User Survey (Baggett), the use of socio-demographic characteristics of homeless people compared to a control setup (Meyer and Schwartz 1191), as well as conducting a community assessment of places where the test subjects reside (Krieger and Higgins 762). Various assessment methods were done in order to determine the statistics of homelessness based on different grounds. Also, since the reasons for being homeless as well as the effects of it can vary from person to person, it is also relevant to include other types of assessments to prevent the data from becoming too biased. This kind of data gathering was able to generate a much clearer perspective as to what kind of health risks homeless people become subjected to, as well a s showing how these risks were considerably high as compared to non-homeless test subjects. While the methods for assessing the health risks of the homeless were different in each of the case studies that were done, all of the papers were able to corroborate the strong impact of homelessness to a sharp increase in health risks. It was mentioned that due to the lack of access to a safe

Developments in Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developments in Pakistan - Essay Example The rulers and administrators of Pakistan had a tough task in dealing with the internal squabbles and maintaining the law and order situation. Pakistan shot into international fame, not because of its achievements in the economic field, but for its terrorist leanings. Whether it supports the international terrorism or not, is a highly debatable question even today. Its leadership asserts that it does not, but India and America strongly believe that it does! The developments in Iraq, the 9/11 terrorist attacks that rattled America in the year 2001,and the subsequent rise in global terrorism, whose base is in Afghanistan and the border districts of Pakistan, has brought this country to the international scene. Due to Americas close alliance with Pakistan for strategic reasons, this country is always in the limelight for one reason for the other, during the last decade. It emerged out of isolation and is a newsworthy country in the international press. â€Å" In October 1999, Pakistanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Chief of Army Staff Gen. Pervez Musharraf replaced Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a bloodless coup. Following the military overthrow of an elected government, Islamabad faced considerable international opprobrium and was subjected to automatic coup-related U.S. sanctions. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and Musharraf’s ensuing withdrawal of support for the Afghan Taliban regime, however,had the effect of greatly reducing Pakistan’s international isolation.†(PDF-Pakistans....) From the point of view of policy declarations, USA avers that Pakistan is a vital ally in the international anti-terrorism coalition. USA is fully aware of the shortcomings and limitations of functioning of the Pakistans political leadership, where religious fanaticism rules the roost. USA wishes to lend a helping hand in strengthening

State of the World Oceans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State of the World Oceans - Essay Example This means that the different agencies should work together, new agencies having more effective programs should be created, and redundant agency programs must be removed. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) should be strengthened to allow it to meet many of its ocean-related responsibilities. With this, a streamlined, better and more effective management of ocean resources can be achieved. The second major recommendation was to strengthen the scientific research and better dissemination of results from scientific research. Compared to other countries, scientific researches on the oceans have lagged. The recommendation calls for more research funding, more exploration, technology development, and improved management of information. Scientific findings provide the basis for new policies, and careful and relevant decision-making, and more importantly, educational material. The enhancement of public education on ocean ecosystems is the third major recommendation. With this, the Commission hoped to promote learning and awareness of ocean ecosystems, through formal and informal education, with the final goal of giving even the youth, in particular, a sense of stewardship for this resource. Formal educational systems should introduce students to oceans and their roles in the world’s ecosystems, and provide them the opportunities to decide on careers that involve ocean science and technology. Other recommendations deal with the management of coastal and ocean ecosystems towards better management of natural resources and improved lives of the communities near the ocean. A balance between conservation of the ocean ecosystem and economic opportunities of the local community can be achieved by empowering coastal management. These recommendations hope to achieve better fishery management

Impact of Absenteeism on Productivity

Impact of Absenteeism on Productivity Employees of different establishments are entitled to a given number of leaves like sick and local leaves among others according to the law. Therefore, all organisations can expect a certain degree of absence and illness. However, it can be observed that more and more people in organisations are having frequent absences and many cases of illness have been recorded. In 2007, Confederation of British Industry/AXA Absence Survey has set the cost of absence to employers in the UK at more than  £13 billion a year, while cost per employee is  £659 annually. According to Williams (2003), in Canada also billions of dollars are lost each year due to absenteeism. Sickness absenteeism and sickness is therefore a growing major global problem affecting thousands organisations. High level of absenteeism is a serious problem for both large and small organisations, since they are costly to both individual establishments and economy as a whole and adversely affecting efficiency, productivity, and profitability. Sickness absenteeism and sickness can be an indication of fundamental organisational problems. Therefore, it is important to establish the cause and find out solutions through the examination of organisations policies and activities. There are several reasons why employees might be absent or fall sick. These reasons might be poor working conditions and relationship with management, no motivation, and no scope of self-development, a culture within the organisation and no career opportunities, too much stress at work among others. Thus, it is recognised that it is becoming necessary to find social and institutional remedies. When employees are absent and ill, it leads to poor productivity. And therefore, costs of the organisation rises as the goods and services are of poor quality. In the United States according to the Commonwealth Fund, about $260 billion are loss in output due to health-related problems. Hence, it is crucial for an organisation to understand the causes of sickness absenteeism and sickness and their impact on the organisation. Therefore, it is both the legal and morale duties of the employer to prevent people in the organisation from being made ill with their respective jobs. This is because, a healthy worker in both public and private organisations is important, as the corporate objective of organisations largely depends on health and as well non-health issues of its population. That is, happy employees are efficient and productive employees. Problem Statement The problem of high level of sickness absenteeism and sickness at work is an existing problem at Air Mauritius, affecting productivity. These are most frequent among staffs working on shift hours. The sickness absenteeism rate at Air Mauritius is illustrated as follows: Year Sickness Absences (man-days) 2006 12457 2007 14654 2008 17323 2009 15418 Out of the sickness absences recorded, an average of 23.5% is registered on week-end. In addition, a research of the non-communicable screening exercise carried out at the Head Office and the SSR International Airport among 1100 employees illustrates that an average of 50% of the persons are pre-diabetic or diabetic, have high risks of suffering from cardiac arrest and are either obese or overweight. Therefore, the above information gives a clear indication that the prevalence of health problems, absenteeism problem which is quite pronounced among employees of Air Mauritius Ltd. That is why, absenteeism and health issues have to be closely monitored and supported else it would have a serious effect on the performance of employees. Hence, the study will be based on finding the reasons of a high sickness absence rate and find ways to help employees to remain in good health. 1.3 Research Objectives Identify the causes of sickness absenteeism and sickness at Air Mauritius Ltd. Does sickness absenteeism and sickness impact on productivity at Air Mauritius Ltd. Give Air Mauritius Ltd employees incentives to be more productive and regular at work. Establish an absence management policy at Air Mauritius. 1.4 Proposed Methodology Data collection includes primary sources and secondary sources. The primary source includes an interview with the Human Resources department and the Health Safety department to find out the rate of absenteeism and sickness reports in the ground operations, engineering and cabin operations departments. Discuss with employees and collect data through questionnaire which will be administered to a sample of employees. Secondary sources consist of data collected from the companys website, magazine articles, journals records like Emerald, EBSCO among others and various books about human resources absenteeism and productivity. 1.5 The layout of the dissertation The subject under study will be presented as follows: Chapter 2: Literature Review Under this chapter, a literature review has been done concerning the nature of sickness absenteeism, sickness and productivity, their costs, the factors leading to sickness absenteeism and sickness and the possible solutions to reduce sickness absenteeism and sickness and increase productivity at work. Chapter 3: Company Profile This chapter set an overview of the company Air Mauritius Ltd. The business in which it operates, its products and its customers are described. Its work environment, management and staff population and its evolution are as well presented. Chapter 4: Research methodology This chapter explains the methodology that has been used to get an insight in the subject and discuss the limitations of this project. Chapter 5: Survey findings and analysis Here the findings that have been generated from the survey are presented using graphs, charts and they are analysed in relation to this project. Chapter 6: Recommendations and conclusion After the survey findings are analysed the shortcomings in the project are noted and recommendations are made. Annex 1: Sample questionnaire given to employees. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definitions 2.1.1 Absenteeism In general absenteeism is defined as the failure to show for work or any other habitual duty. This usually disrupts work schedules adding workloads to those who are at work which might lead to low morale among employees. Therefore, absenteeism obstructs the good functioning of production and efficient running of an organisation. Lokke A.K, Eskildsen. J and Jesen. T. W (2007) similarly reported that the traditional definition of absence is about not being physically present at the place and time the employee is expected to be. Davey. M.M, Cummings. G, Newburn-cook. C. V, and Lo. E. A (2009) have defined absenteeism as the failure to appear to work when planned, and according to them absence is measured by frequency or amount of work days missed. The Entrepreneur (http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia) described absenteeism as an employees deliberate or habitual absence from work. Everybody misses a day of work now and then. But its a problem when an employee misses too many days of work. Not showing up for work can cause serious problems when other employees have to cover for the missing worker or, worse, the work simply doesnt get done. Another definition by Nicholson (1977, p. 237) said that Absence, in the language of economics, is an unpredictable variation in the firms labour supply and in labour-intensive and technologically primitive settings which can produce costly concomitant variations in output. Furthermore, Harvey and Nicholson (1993), p. 841 recognized that absenteeism was the major cause of lost productivity in business and industry. In a similar vein, Buschak. M, Craven. C and Ledman. R (1996) stated that absenteeism is a difficulty that every organisation or business faces creating costs and productivity problems. Thus, leading to a heavier work load on the majority of employees who have shown up for work. This type of situation tends to create dissatisfaction, frustration, stress and fatigue among employees 2.1.2 Types of Absenteeism There are two main types of absence voluntary and involuntary. Hackett and Guion, (1985) have defined voluntary absences as what is in the control of the employee. These can take form of short-term, casual and illegitimate absences which is based on the motivation of the employee. On the other hand, involuntary absences are what are beyond the control of the employee; they are usually due to sickness or family responsibilities. 2.1.2 Sickness Reijenga. F. A. (2006) defined sickness as all types of health problems or disabilities. As mentioned before there are two types of sickness, short term sickness for example influenza and long term sickness such as diabetes which is classified as a chronic disease. Tabaluyan, T., Kuswadji, S (1996) reported that sickness absence is defined as not being able to work due sickness or injury, that is, the incapability to work. In the same way, Employers Organisation, (2005) elaborated that sickness absence should include industrial injury, part days absence, and other self-certificated absence which is not explicitly ascribed to be an acceptable reason other than sickness. However, M. Borritz, R. Rugulies, K. B Christensen, E. Villadsen and T. S Kristensen (2005) indicated that sickness absence is a complex phenomenon that can be caused by individual, work related, organisational, and societal factors. Sickness absence has been discussed as a consequence of ill health,  a coping mechanism, behaviour of social equity, a reaction to organisational injustice, or a consequence of exposure to adverse work-environment factors. Furthermore, Whitaker S. also agreed with the fact that sickness absence is influenced by many factors like social causes other than health issues. 2.1.3 Productivity In an economist point of view productivity is a ratio of some measure of output to some index of input use, according to Eatwell and Newman (1991). Therefore, productivity is nothing more than the arithmetic ratio of amount produced to amount of any resources used in the course of production. An online definition by http://business.yourdictionary.com, stated that productivity is the efficiency with which output is produced by a given set of inputs. Productivity is generally measured by the ratio of output to input. An increase in the ratio indicates an increase in productivity. Conversely, a decrease in the output/input ratio indicates a decline in productivity. However, definitions of productivity in the above context are meant to the manufacturing sector. 2.1.3.1 Productivity in the Service Sector Rutkauskan. J and Paulaviciene. E (2005) have studied the concept of productivity in the service sector and they aroused that productivity, efficiency and effectiveness are terms that should be used together. This is because to be productive one should be both efficient and effective. The analysis of productivity is a difficult task in the service sector. As the productivity concept in the service sector involves both the organisation and the customer. According to Tolentini (2004) productivity depends on the value of the products and services and the efficiency upon which they are produced and distributed to the customers. Similarly in the research work of Maroto-Sanchez. A (2010) productivity is about being both efficient and effective. He described effectiveness as to how an organisation meets the active needs and expectations of its customers. Hence it can be seen that, to be productive in the service sector employees have to be both effective and efficient. Therefore, employers have to ensure that their employees are effective and efficient enough to provide a good service to their customers. 2.2 Causes of sickness absenteeism and sickness There are various factors that affect sickness absence and sickness. Factors affecting sickness absence in the aviation sector can be classified as health related issues such as injury at work such as musculoskeletal pains stress and fatigue and so on, and non-health related issues like organisational commitment, job satisfaction among others since according to Whitaker. S. research, sickness absenteeism is influenced by a variety of factors non-related to health. Testimonials that have been gathered among employees at Air Mauritius have proved that sickness absenteeism is mostly related to the non health-related issues. However, it is only after the analysis of the questionnaires that we will be able to understand the real causes of absenteeism and its impact on productivity. 2.3 Non Health-related issues 2.3.1 Organisational Commitment Organisational Commitment is typically measured by items tapping respondents willingness to work hard to improve their companies, the fit between the firms and the workers values, reluctance to leave, and loyalty toward or pride taken in working for their employers (Maume, 2006, p. 164). Similarly, Boolaky. M and Gokhool. D, p. 73 defines organisational commitment as the degree to which a person is committed to the organisation he or she is working for. The person is proud to be associated to the organisation and is committed to work towards the objectives and goals of the organisation. Many studies have reported that there is a relationship between organisational commitment and absenteeism. Gellatly, 1995 and Somer, 1995 studies have concluded that organisational commitment is negatively related to absenteeism. That is, when an employee is not committed to its organisation, this will tend to impact negatively on absenteeism. A research carried out by Meyer and Allen (1991) reported that commitment comprises three components namely affective, continuance and normative. Where affective commitment refers to the individuals emotional attachment to the organisation her/she is working, that is the individual participates in the organisations activities because he/she wants to. Continuance commitment is when someone realises that too much energy or time have been devoted to leave the organisation or that they would not be able to find another job. And normative commitment is when an individual feels that he/she has an obligation to participate in the activities of the org anisation and that it is the right thing to do. Meyer (1997) found that affective commitment was strongly linked to absence behaviour. However, normative commitment according to Meyer (1993) was negatively related to absenteeism on the other hand Somers (1995) has found no relationship between the two. And at last, Mayer and Schoorman (1992) concluded that continuance commitment did not have a strong relation with absenteeism. 2.3.2 Job Involvement Job involvement commonly includes identifying with the job,   actively participating in the job, and perceiving job performance to be important   to self-image (Blau. G. J, 1985; Rabinowitz Hall, 1977). Robbins (1998) defines job involvement as the degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, considers his or her performance important to self-work. That is, job involvement refers to the extent to which one is committed and participates in his or her job. The direct relationship of job involvement to absenteeism is very ambiguous. Blau. G. J (1986) review of the studies carried out at that time, found that the studies had different conclusions; this is because there are differences in the measurement and samples taken. Taunton et al. and Cohen (2000) showed that there is a negative relationship between job involvement and absenteeism. However, job involvement and productivity have a positive relationship. That is, as job involvement increases, productivity increases and vice versa. According to W. H. Weiss (2006) employees who are involved in their jobs, that is, they have the know-how of why they need to carry out certain tasks and how does these contribute to the organisations goals are the most productive workers. Therefore, it can be noted that job involvement is necessary to increase productivity of employees. 2.3.3 Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction refers to an emotional state of mind that reflects an affective reaction to the job and the work situation, whereas the focus of organizational commitment is on a more global reaction (emotional or non-emotional) to the entire organization (Dipboye et al., 1994; Farkas and Tetrick, 1989; Lance, 1991; Russell and Price, 1988). (Falkenburg. K and Schyns. B, 2007, p. 710) Job satisfaction is defined as the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs (Spector, 1997, p. 2). This description implies that job satisfaction is a broad or global emotional reaction that individuals hold about their job. Researchers and practitioners have evaluated different facets or dimensions of satisfaction. Examining these facets is usually useful for assessing employee satisfaction with critical job factors. Traditional job satisfaction facets consist of: co-workers, pay, job conditions, supervision, nature of the work and benefits  (Williams). Studies have found that job satisfaction can also be an independent variable affecting both productivity and absenteeism. (Boolaky. M and Gokhool. D, p. 75). There have had many theories on the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism. Most of these studies concluded that as job dissatisfaction increases, self-reported absenteeism increases (Taunton et al. 1885, Drago and Wooden 1992). In 1982, a study made by the Business Roundtable stated that job dissatisfaction affects absenteeism to a great extent. Employers should understand that the companys goals and quality supervision are necessary for job satisfaction. It has also been noted that as size of job increased, job satisfaction decreased. Furthermore Hinze et al. (1985), report that identified the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction describe that absenteeism was lower among those who had strong cohesiveness that is, team spirit, and when management criticised workers for being absent it was observed that absenteeism was lower, employees who regarded their work as mentally inspiring had fewer absences. Moreover Hausknecht, Hiller and Vance. (2008), defined job satisfaction as the sense of enjoyment that individuals derive from their experiences on the job and within the team they work with. Therefore, according to this report high attendance is expected in working environment where there is high satisfaction. This is because, the members of the team have this feeling of belonging and support among themselves. Moreover, it can be observed that in a working environment where there is high satisfaction it increases the level of productivity. P. Valdes-Flores and J. A. Campos-Rodriguez (2008) describe job satisfaction as a set of favourable or unfavourable feelings for the employees to perceive their work and that determine the possibility of a major disposition to achieve higher performance, consequently, job satisfaction refers to an individuals general attitude towards his or her job. Link between involvement and commitment Blau (1986) had developed the interaction of job involvement and organisational commitment and how this affected absence behaviour. Moreover, Blau and Boal (1987) refined the idea. The study reported that there are four level of contribution of high and low of job involvement and job commitment. When job involvement and job commitment are high, employees are not likely to be absent and if they happened to be absent this could be due to genuine sickness. This type of employees is called institutional stars. Those who experience a low job commitment but high job involvements are absent because of career prospects or due to working environment, these persons are called lone wolves. Individuals with low job involvement and high organisational commitment called the corporate citizen respect their co-workers and also abide to the norms and goals of the organisation they work for. Those could be absent from work in according to the organisations lawful absence rules. And lastly the apatheti c employees identify themselves having a low job involvement and organisational commitment, they have highest rate of absence. Link between organisational commitment and job satisfaction Many studies have reported the association between organisational commitment and job satisfaction (Meyer et al, 2002). According to Levison and Moser, (1997) employees tend to be lethargy without job satisfaction, which reduces organisational commitment. Furthermore, a study carried out by Steers and Rhodes (1978) stated that job satisfaction and organisational commitment play a big role in determining employee attendance. Griffeth et al (2000), indicated that organisational commitment was a better predictor of absenteeism than job absenteeism. However, as job satisfaction is more about the emotional state of mind, it is influenced by daily events rather than organisational commitment which cover the organisation as a whole and develops over time (Sagie, 1998). Link between job satisfaction and job involvement Wegge. J, Schmidt. K, Parkes. C and Dick. R. V (2007) found that events at work impact on how employees feel at work thus determining job satisfaction. Furthermore, job involvement measures the importance of the job to ones self opinion and therefore represents personality differences. Job satisfaction is situational variable and job involvement personality in our reasoning. Thus, they both interact. That is, if job satisfaction is low, job involvement will negatively affect absenteeism. However, when job satisfaction is high in any situation it will overcome the impact of job involvement on absence behaviour. Job satisfaction therefore has a moderate impact on job involvement and absence. To be more precise, when job satisfaction is low, job involvement is negatively related to absenteeism whereas, when job satisfaction is high, job involvement is not associated to absenteeism. 2.3.4 Organisational Culture Morgan. G has described organizational culture as: The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. Another definition of organizational culture by Schein. E a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems that has worked well enough to be considered valid and is passed on to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.   Norms influence everyone in an organisation; they are unwritten and usually tell things like they are influencing everyones perception in the organisation and they contribute to the norms and support them. Nowadays, we live in an absenteeism culture. According to Smit (2000), absenteeism and culture are negatively related. That is, employees encouraged and supported by the society to call a sick leave. However, employers do support absenteeism as a cultural phenomenon. That is, when people take sick days when they are not sick, employers accept this as a cost to the organisation. (Allen. R. F, Higgins M. 1979) 2.3.5 Motivation Robbins and Coulter (1999) have defined motivation as the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals as conditioned by that efforts ability to satisfy some individual need. Luthans (1998) stated that motivation is the process that arouses, energizes, directs, and sustains behaviour and performance. That is, it is the process of stimulating people to action and to achieve a desired task. One way of stimulating people is to employ effective motivation, which makes workers more satisfied with and committed to their jobs. Money is not the only motivator. There are other incentives which can also serve as motivators. Steers Rhodes (1978), developed the most common model of absenteeism. They depicted that attendance is determined by the employees motivation to go to work. However, Lee (1989) evaluated the theoretical facts of the Steers Rhodes Model (1978) and found that motivation is not strongly related to attendance. Nevertheless, the study of Burton. J. P, Lee. T. W, Holtom. B. C (2002), claimed that sickness absenteeism was related to ones motivation to attend work. That is, according to some theories sickness absenteeism is not only due to illness but it may be voluntary, Brooke (1986). Employees might use sickness as an excuse not to go to work, where there are other causes of this particular behaviour, Martocchio (1996). Moreover, the Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC) suggested that in order to reduce absence, the best way was to ensure that employees are well-motivated by their jobs. And to motivate employees, employers have to keep them informed of their behind-the-scenes strategies for survival during recession, Anne Fairweather (2009), head of public policy at an organisation. Motivated employees can be productive employees. Recognition, working environment and work achievement are factors that can keep employees motivated thus highly productive. Employees who achieve the goals directed by their supervisor are usually well-motivated. And expect recognition after the long hours of hard work, for instance an increase in salary, bonuses or promotions. According to a research carried out by Personnel Today (2008), employees were more productive when they received recognition for their work and praise from management. Working environment is another factor to motivate employees in being productive and need to be provided with a pleasant environment to work. Therefore it can be noted that motivation is necessary to increase productivity. Personal Issues Every employee in any organisation has to go through personal issues. It can be observed that facing these issues most of the time and energy of that particular person is focused on their personal issue they are dealing with. Personal issues can take the form of family problems, ill parents or young children to take care of, drug abuse, drinking problems, sexual orientation and many more distracting one from his or her job. According to Ericson (2001) issues like child and eldercare, single-parent families are those characteristics that might lead to an impact on absenteeism at any level in an organisation. Furthermore, Goff et al. (1990) found that when ones work and family issues are conflicting there is a greater frequency of absenteeism. It has also been noted that management in most organisations are lenient, staffs make excuses of being sick so as not to attend work, consequently, recording a sick leave. This is also common in the aviation sector especially among staffs having odd working hours; they find it easier to register for sick leave so as to be able to manage their own issues. Shift work influence the working choices of parents and to be able to retain shift workers child-care services should be offered, P. D. Brandon and J. B. Temple (2007). Employees have to make sure that they do not bring their personal issues into the office. Therefore, organisations must be able to provide a pleasant environment where employees would not think about their personal issues instead of concentrating on their work. Some company might also provide psychological help to their staffs. As personal problems can lead to a fall in productivity. Health Related Issues Health promotion seems to impact positively on employees health, morale, level of sickness absenteeism and productivity. Unfortunately it is noted that the necessary structures and facilities to promote health are not available at Air Mauritius, however, management has shown its intention to change the situation and has establish wellness and fitness centres. Chronic Diseases Chronic diseases do have an impact on employees sickness absence and sicknesses at work, example of chronic diseases are diabetics, cancers among others. The productivity of the organisation is also affected when the employee is ill. For example an employee suffering a particular form of cancer will have various complications and might not be able to attend work for a few days. This will lead to a lack of staff, thus increasing the workload of others. Therefore, organisations can exercise some control over illnesses by ensuring a safe and healthy workplace, proper ergonomic design, health and safety management 27policies/practices to address absenteeism in the workplace (Ericson, 2001). These can facilitate healthier working environments and provide favourable conditions to reduce absenteeism and enhance satisfaction and productivity. Fatigue and Stress According to the New Grolier Webster International Dictionary of English Language fatigue is defined as the tiredness of a persons physical or mental energy. More precisely it is described as a specific reaction of our central nervous system and muscular system due to exertion (S. L. Smith et al., 2009). That is, the exhaustion of strength due to continued stress. Stress on the other hand is identified as factors causing mental or emotional strain or tension to a person (New Grolier Webster International Dictionary of English Language). Khodabakhsh Ahmadi and Kolivand Alireza, (2007) stated that stress is often used to describe the bodys responses to demands placed upon it, whether these demands are favourable or unfavourable. In this context however, stress is related to the work place where due to unsatisfactory work organisation, management, environmental design and differences between the efforts put into work compared to the rewards received (S. L. Smith et al., 2009). The level of work-related stress has increased consequently during the past few years in the aviation sector. C. Kelleher S. McGilloway, 2005, claimed in a research carried out for an Irish airline that the level of work-related stress among stress is high. Khodabakhsh Ahmadi and Kolivand Alireza, 2007, have found that the level of work stress among military pilots has also increased. The report of the ITF 2009, indicated that there has been a serious increase in stress and fatigue since 2000. There are various causes of work-related stress and fatigue in the aviation sector. The odd and long hours of work which usually results in overtime, drain staffs both emotionally and physically. Fatigue and stress is also caused due to the lack of rest. Airline staffs working in different time zones and odd hours are the ones experience chronic sleep deprivation. A rise in the level of flights and passengers has led to uncontrollable work load due to high work demands causing stress and fatigue among staffs. The tradition of overbooking flights in almost all airlines is the cause of various problems. Passengers who find themselves left behind due to the lack of seats on the flights are usually furious and tend to shout at staffs using abusive language thus stressing them. People working in the aviation sector have experience a consequent rise in the stress level at work (S. L. Smith et al., 2009). Hence this impact on sickness absenteeism and sickness thus affecting the productivity level of employees. Injury at work An organisation must make sure that it provides the proper safety equipment to its employees. This is because accidents can happen where employees could be injured. This would cause sickness absenteeism due to the employees inability to attend work, leading to a fall in productivity due to the lack of employees and increased work load on those present at work. Also the costs