Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity - Essay Example of Wittenburg writing, theory and religious philosophy Died 18 Feb. 1546 July 31, 1556 (Religion Facts, 1) (Famous People, 1) Message salvation is an unconditional present total self-denial, â€Å"love and sympathy, from God; the Bible is the compliance to Pope and all inclusive guarantee of just obvious wellspring of bosses (in the same place.) help and security to Divine message all mankind† (Our (Religion Facts, 1) Lady, 1) Contribution Protestant Reformation Spiritual Exercises, transformation to Chris-Translated to English the Jesuit Constitution and tianity, wonders, fixes, King James Bible; Jesuit Schools, mediations, millions Lutheran lessons and Society of give recognition to her (Our (Religion Facts, 1) Jesus (on the same page.) Lady, 1) From the plain structure, one can reason that the soonest record of noteworthy occasion occurred during the introduction of Luther in 1483, just eight years preceding the introduction of Ignacius in 1491. The ghosts of Our Lady of Gu adalupe in 1531 occurred inside 25 years preceding Ignacius passing, which implies that during the nebulous visions, Ignacius was still especially alive and simply completed his composition of one of his most critical commitments, the â€Å"Spiritual Exercises, a basic 200-page set of reflections, supplications and different other mental exercises† (Famous People, standard. 16). Their introduction to the world comparably happened before the sixteenth century. Luther was conceived in Saxony while Ignacius was conceived in Spain. The date of death was just 10 years separated, where Luther kicked the bucket in 1546 while Ignacius passed on 1556. Both Luther and Ignacius examined religious philosophy. In spite of the fact that the messages were differing, where Luther concentrated on changing the confidence in the Catholic confidence that God’s discipline could be reclaimed by cash and that salvation earned through great deeds (Religion Facts, 1); while Ingacious, because of his comparative direction in the ministry, was effectively associated with â€Å"teaching instruction to youngsters, coordinating grown-ups in the Spiritual Exercises, and working among poor people and in hospitals† (Famous People, standard. 14). There is disparsity in their dedication where Ignacius concentrated on elevating the states of the poor through whatever implies they were fit during their occasions. Luther, then again, was centered around reorienting the confidence in the Catholic Church that recently worried on â€Å"on limbo, heck, heavenly attendants, devils, sin, judgment and the holy people. Jesus was portrayed as an inaccessible, frightening adjudicator, however adherents realized they could call upon the Blessed Virgin and different holy people to mediate on their behalf† (Religion Facts, standard. 2). Similarly, the message of Our Lady of Guadalupe focused additionally in concurring widespread help and insurance of all humankind (Our Lady, 1). The ir commitments run from developments and arrangement of associations that made ready for expanded attention to the requirement for reorganization of the genuine importance of salvation, improved consciousness of the expression of God through the Bible (Luther); and through the association committed to the responsibilities and attempts of the Holy Father (Society of Jesus) and the arrangement of supplications expected to stay immovable in confidence (Ignacius). Our Lady of Guadalupe’s nebulous vision possesses set the energy for marvels to occur through fixes and intercessions that changed over nonbelievers. As showed, â€Å"

Commercial Bank Law

Question: Examine about theCommercial Bank Law. Answer: In understanding to the realities for the gave case Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14; (1983) CLR 447 (12 May 1983) it tends to be seen that there were basically three reasons for activity for example lawful issues that was accentuated upon by Mr. what's more, Mrs. Amadio during the time spent testing the home loan ensure marked by them in the High Court of Australia. The three significant cases or reasons for activities during the procedure of the case were: unconscionable deal, the procedure of exchange included undue impact and the nearness of concealment of realities or deception. Following the assessment of the realities the end drawn by bid court had tremendous effect on the preliminary adjudicators choice, which was turned around. The intrigue was maintained in the court. The intrigue court requested to put aside the home loan (Australiancontractlaw, 2013). It was additionally held by the court that it was the commitment of the bank to reveal the companys accounts genuine position. It was additionally expressed by the court that concerning Vincenzos deceptions the bank was subject. The intrigue court held that the idea of exchange was that of an unconscionable one which required value so as to give alleviation. As per the judgment given by Justice Gibbs, in an agreement of assurance where one gathering is obliged to unveil whole realities to the next gathering, in such a case it isn't of most extreme great confidence. It is mentionable here that the judgment further expressed that with respect to the bank that takes an assurance is will undoubtedly uncover the realities that has happened between the chief borrower and the bank , to the aiming guarantee that was not expected to have happened normally. Henceforth the prerequisite for the noteworthy goes to the degree in situations where some abnormal highlights in the in the particular case related with the particular record that should be ensured is required. Based on this angle, in the judgment it was presumed that disappointment with respect to the bank brought about deception. With regards to the gave realities of the case, it very well may be seen that major budgetary troubles were being looked by Vincenzos organization was a significant component of the brought about convincing Justice Gibbs in arriving at the resolution that divulgence ought to have been made by the bank (austlii, 2015). Another reality of the case, for example the game plan between Vincenzo Amadio and the bank for companys benefit on 24th March which likewise added to convincing Justice Gibbs that exposure ought to have been made by the bank. The event of deception and non-obligation or no official of the respondents are the lawful issues distinguished by Justice Gibbs that to a great extent impacted the choice or decision of this case (Misrepresentation act, 2001). The proportion for the choice was on favor of Mr. what's more, Mrs. Amadio. Sensibly the case was not settled on legitimate grounds yet the methodology saw from the situation shows that they were blameless and they required equity sensibly. Agreement of assurance was settled on after the choice taken by Justice Gibbs. Uncovering necessity is referenced in degree (Vout, 2006). Vincenzo is a foremost indebted person and his folks are underwriter, so deception is found from the piece of the bank and judgment remains against the bank and Vicenzo, as Mr. Mrs. Amadio came in money related misfortune due to the issue brought up in the situation and as enforceability of assurance was charged by them, so the court took ruling against Vicenzo. Disparity of bartering power was chosen by Justice Mason, where law of value can be expressed where equity may not be same for all the laws and force. Unjustifiable terms in the legitimate standard should be acknowledged by Mr. also, Mrs. Amadio, as they are the solid party and mediation of agreement with reestablish value occurred on favor of the blameless party according to courts judgment (Australiancontractlaw.com, 2016). Initially the deal was common and proof was not found; also distortion was finished by Vicenzo not the bank; thirdly on the ground of value Mr. also, Mrs. Amadio felt help as a result of the best possible equity. For accomplishing reasonableness both Undue impact and Unconscionable lead is depicted. It is said that more fragile gathering is impacted to enter to an understanding in Undue impact and that bring about intimidation which is consequence of assumption. Positive trust in a connection is should have been appeared in undue impact. Though, in Unconscionable managing misuse of intensity with lead of the gathering resume but since of carelessness the court proclaim the case unconscionable direct. Exchange happens under unconscionable direct (Assets for Care, 2012). Equity Deane took thorough choice by expressing the realities with end that the bank was blameworthy of unconscionable direct and it was requested that acquirement of home loan ought to be ensured by the respondents which they had not given still the argument is against the bank and Vicenzo is similarly associated with this case with no cure (Assets for Care, 2012). For this situation comparability is discovered that the proportion is consistently for Mr. furthermore, Mrs. Amadio and it was discovered that all the adjudicators took same choice on favor of them two. The cases demonstrate that, it was unconscionable lead which is secured by undue impact and deception is truth of disguise for this situation. In the preliminary equity Amados entitled help. The risk of the bank was restricted. It was 50,000 which should have been recuperated in a half year and contract and the assurance was discovered muddled. The procedure sum for general test was $239,830.85. The courts offer was excused and it was an unadulterated distortion case with non revelation connection which was depicted by the court on premise of preliminary judgment on the kindness move Mr. also, Mrs. Amadio. References Resources for Care. (2012). Undue impact unconscionable managing. [online] Available at: https://assetsforcare.seniorsrights.org.au/relationship-separates/value/undue-impact unconscionable-managing/[Accessed 18 Sep. 2016]. austlii.edu.au. (2015).High Court of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-receptacle/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/1983/14.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title%20(%20%22amadio%22%20) [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Australiancontractlaw.com. (2013).Australian Contract Law | Julie Clarke. [online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amadio.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Australiancontractlaw.com. (2016). Australian Contract Law | Julie Clarke. [online] Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amadio.html [Accessed 18 Sep. 2016]. Distortion act, 2001. (1976). Woolman. Vout, P. (2006).Unconscionable lead. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Lawbook Co.

Not Your Average Profile Things to Consider as a Young Applicant to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Not Your “Average” Profile Things to Consider as a Young Applicant to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post was submitted by Brittney Bailey.   Brittney is working in our office this year and she, along with several other students, are contributing posts throughout the year.   Another helpful entry on this topic written from an administrator standpoint can be found here. _____________________ One of the most common questions we at admissions are asked is: “What are my chances of getting into SIPA if I am a younger applicant?   Do I even stand a chance?” Usually these questions come from prospective students who have been out of school for 1 or 2 years or those who are in their final year of their undergraduate program and want to transition straight into graduate school.   And many times, these specific questions are deferred to me. I entered SIPA one year after graduating from undergrad and was commonly marked as the “baby” of every group assignment or SIPA bonding-experience.   The reality is that SIPA does lend itself to students who exude a certain clarity and confidence in what they want to do and know how their degree program will specifically fit into their career goals. Of course, this isn’t always the case, but older students with more professional experience generally fall into this category. So, from one “young” student to another, I wanted to list a few key tips to keep in mind when approaching the admissions process to professional schools like SIPA. Be aware of the statistics About 5%-10% of accepted students come directly from undergrad each year. These students tend to have extraordinary academic records, significant internship and/or study abroad experience and a fairly clear idea of what career path they want to head on.    Note, the more substantive the internship experience, the better. Yes, having lots of internships at big name organizations can look good on your resume.   But keep in mind that the Admissions Committee does more than glance at this section.   They expect to see a CV longer than one-page (see resume entry here), unlike a typical job resume, and are really looking at content.   So, making sure that even a few internships, fellowships or part-time jobs can better demonstrate your ability to handle relevant and substantive work is vital. In many cases though, students with very strong academic backgrounds are not offered admission but are in fact, encouraged to reapply after gaining a year or two of relevant work experience.   Applying for competitive or prestigious short-stint programs like Teach for America, the Peace Corps or Fulbright and Luce Scholarships are a good stepping stone into graduate programs that can further give you the hard skills, connections and credentials you need to advance in an international affairs career. Think Quant! I could not stress enough the need to familiarize yourself with quantitative analysis before applying to SIPA.   Honestly, I avoided quant classes like the plague during my undergraduate career, even though basic economics courses were required as part of my international relations degree.   This was definitely to my detriment! Although I ended up loving my economics courses at SIPA, especially those that applied to development, I have always felt as if I were playing “catch up”.   Having a few courses in Micro and Macroeconomics, statistics, and mathematics under your belt are incredibly important tools for the SIPA experience and any international affairs or policy career.   Not only do they make your transition into graduate school much easier, but they serve as a form of “leverage” in the application process when being benchmarked against many students who have years of applied, practical knowledge. Be clear about career objectives As a young student, you inevitably have less “tools” to work with.   Your CV will most likely have less pages than an average SIPA student who was the Director of an NGO on the Thai/Burma border working with refugees for five years or who moved up the ranks as a Senior Analyst at Citibank in New York, Hong Kong and New Delhi offices.   Not to worry! Even if your goal is to essentially become one of your peers, a SIPA degree can very well enhance these career paths. Being as clear as possible in your personal statement about how to achieve this path is imperative.   Ask yourself regularly: What do I think I want to do? Have I already taken all of the basic steps to get there?  And how will this degree at SIPA and many of its components â€" from the concentration, specialization, professors, locale to the potential student body â€" help me to get to this goal?It’s not a simple question to answer at whatever age.   But, it’s an imperative one to address and drive home in your p ersonal statement, particularly as a student with limited professional experience. Don’t be afraid to “stay out of the game” (for a bit) I know that this is usually not the answer people want to hear.   But speaking from personal experience, had I gone through the admissions process all over again I would have spent another year or two working in international development.   In fact, after my first year at SIPA, I took off some time, in part, to do just that. Gaining the additional professional experience helped me to really refine my objectives at SIPA.   I am much more confident in what I have to offer to a future employer and what I need to take from the program here.   Staying out of the SIPA game for just a few years can really enhance how well you play once you’re in it. Having said all this, it is possible to be a young student at SIPA and make the most of your experience.   I hope these tips, at the very least, help out some of you who have asked this common question.

Ups Value Chain Analysis - 864 Words

Value Chain Model and Competitive Force Model BUSA 310: Dr. Chris Lee Carl Field Justin Kelly Jacob Augustine Monique Becker Value Chain Model [pic] Value Chain Model of United Postal Service United Postal Service (UPS) and every business has a Value Chain Model in order to be able to make sure that you have the best values for your internal and external customers. We have two activities, which are the Support and Primary. The UPS Support activities involve the Firm Infrastructure, Human Resource Management, Technology Development, and Procurement. The Firm Infrastructure has to deal with the important aspects of Financial Policy, Accounting, and Community Affairs. In order to make sure that UPS has the best†¦show more content†¦The center of the CFM (competitive forces model) lists intraindustry rivals of UPS. Four forces act upon the intraindustry rival list, above the list is Potential New Entrants, left of the list is Bargaining Power of Suppliers below the list is Substitute Products or Services, right of the list is Bargaining Power of Buyers. All forces act upon UPS and its rivals, and appear so on the diagram by way of directional arrows. Potential New Entrants is a vitally important force, new entrants can mean heightened competition and potential new rivals. Parcel delivery service requires large up front costs requiring the contracts for the purchase or rental of assets capable of delivery such as trucks and planes. Entry into the parcel delivery service is difficult, but can be made possible to improvements and innovations within inbound and outbound logistics. Entry or blocking entry is possible by gaining an advantage within logistics, CFM lists faster delivery providers, lower cost providers, better and more efficient logistics methods. Gaining an advantage for oneself in any of these avenues ensures market share improvement for UPS but also rivals DHL, USPS, and FedEx. Bargaining Power of Suppliers is relatively low; UPS owns many of its own fleet and keeps it up to date and functional. Suppliers of airline equipment serve the every whimShow MoreRelatedValue Chain Analysis And An alysis1589 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss and explore the value chain analysis and the internal analysis in the strategic management. The focus of this report is to study the value chain analysis in detail along with the advantages and disadvantage of the value chain analysis. Also, the internal analysis is also discussed along with its pros and cons and the SWOT analysis of Next Plc. This report also discusses the way in which organizational resources are mixed to develop company’s abilities, Value Chain Analysis Keane (2008) statedRead MoreEssay about Supply Chain and Value Chain730 Words   |  3 PagesSupply Chain and Value Chain Supply chain is a network of distribution and facilities options that performs the function of procurement of materials, conversion of these materials into intermediate and finished goods and the supply of these finished goods to the ultimate consumers, for e.g. for a single product, supply chain consists of flow of raw material from vendors, transformation into finished goods i.e. interflow of materials, transportation to distribution centers and supply activities forRead MoreValue Chain as Competitive Advantage1295 Words   |  6 PagesValue Chain as Competitive Advantage Unit 3 Assignment Christine Washington GB570 Managing the Value Chain Jerry Haenisch, Professor Kaplan University November 12, 2012 Value Chain as Competitive Advantage Effective value chain as a competitive advantage can contribute significantly to the prosperity of a firm in the competitive arena, but it can cause dire situations if not operated properly (Guy, 2011). 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Michael Porter (1985) in his book competitive advantage states that â€Å"understanding how a business creates value are essential elements for developing a competitive advantage.† [1]. According to porter (1985) value chain is â€Å"the process view of an organization, the idea of seeing an organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformationRead MoreEssay about Value Chain Analysis1201 Words   |  5 PagesValue Chain Analysis Many organizations do not achieve the profits they anticipate by using incorrect methods or models to determine the true costs of products and services. This failure to correctly assess the costs associated with business not only affects the profit margin, but the organizations competitive advantage as well. In order to asses whether the organization is failing to realize optimum resource allocation, the organization should look at the methodology first popularized by MichaelRead MoreValue Chain And DS Agency. Whether Selling A Product Or1361 Words   |  6 PagesValue Chain and DS Agency Whether selling a product or producing a service, companies have to find and establish a set of competitive advantages (Gertner, 2013). These advantages should be advantageous to the customer and also be sustainable to the company (Gertner, 2013). The value chain is a tool that companies can use to analyze the steps they need to take to provide the highest level of service to its customers and create a competitive advantage (Blocher, Stout, Juras, Cokins, 2016). The valueRead MoreThe Value Of A Value Chain Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesA value chain may defined as network of companies which work hand in hand towards a common goal of meeting the customer demands and the stakeholder demands. The idea of value chain first came into existence after Michael Porter coined it. He basically said that the various activities which the organisations carry out to create and give value to its customers. He said that it basically consists of two main activities which are basically known as the primary activities and secondary activities. TheRead MoreInternal Environment Analysis1450 Words   |  6 PagesInternal Analysis An Internal Analysis of a company focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors that give a company certain advantages and disadvantages in meeting the needs of its target market. Strengths refer to core competencies that give the firm an advantage in meeting the needs of its target markets. Weaknesses refer to any limitations a company faces in developing or implementing a strategy. The aim of the internal analysis is to identify the company’s strengths and weaknessesRead MoreValue Chain And Swot Analysis1088 Words   |  5 PagesVALUE CHAIN AND VRIO ANALYSIS Value chain analysis The value chain analysis determines all the elements of value chain significantly add or subtract value for Brinker International, Inc. (EAT). The competitor is Darden Restaurant, Inc. (DRI) in this value chain analysis. The time frame is March, 2016 and the preceding three to five year strategic horizon. The data resources used from 10-K 2015 of EAT and DRI. The two elements of the value chain most significantly add or subtract value for EAT are

RPLC Analysis Identify Unique Metabolomics Profiles Of SD...

3.1 RPLC analysis identifies unique metabolomics profiles of SD disease Untargeted metabolomics profiling of liver and brain samples from SD mice (n=3) and normal mice (n=3) were performed through RPLC. A total of 177 metabolites were found to be significantly dysregulated in mouse liver samples (p (-- removed HTML --) 0.5). Out of these 177 metabolites, 96 (54.2%) out were significantly upregulated, while 81 (45.8%) were downregulated in SD mouse liver. Similarly, a total of 112 metabolites were found to be dysregulated in mouse brain samples (p (-- removed HTML --) 0.5). Out of these 112 metabolites, 53 (47.3%) were significantly upregulated, while 59 (52.7%) were downregulated in SD mouse brain. Further, the same technology was†¦show more content†¦Similar observations were found in human hippocampus and mouse liver samples. In summary, we have identified alterations in protein catabolism and lipid metabolism, which are consistent with previous findings in MPS I and MPS VII mice [13]. Specifically, several metabolites warrant further discussions. In mouse liver samples, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphate, also known as GalNAc4S, increased by 2.17 fold compared with normal controls (p0.05). N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphate is key component of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) including dermatan, keratan and chondroitin sulfate), and is found in elevated concentrations in the urine of MPS patients. More interestingly, since Hex enzyme may also cleave GAG, mice and cats with SD showed GAG accumulation and MPS-like phenotype [14,15]. The increase in N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphate may be a side effect of Hex enzyme deficiency. Significant higher total GAG levels in liver of SD mice compared with normal mice (20.7 ±2.6 vs 8.4 ±1.1 µg GAG/mg protein) were also observed (Figure 2). Therefore, GAG can be used as a novel biomarker of SD. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid, downregulated in hippocampus of SD patients, is a neuronal osmolyte involved in fluid balance in th e brain. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is also involved in energy production from glutamate in neuronal mitochondria. Further,

How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline Free Essays

COMM 180Winter 2013Karen Crawford Hill Research Essay Outline—Due Week 7 Student Name Number: Amandeep Cheema 300673568 Topic Number: (from assignment sheet): 2 Topic Name: (demonstrate your understanding by briefly explaining the topic in your own words, e. g. , characterization, theme, plot, social message/interpretation, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) A theme is a piece of writing, a talk, or a discussion of an important idea or subject that run through it. In another word we can say that a theme is the central idea or ideas explored by a literary work and in order to identify the theme of the story, we need to composite, or assemble, the aspects of imagination that we gathered from investigation, and regard the story as a whole Relevant Textbook Unit(s): (identify the Unit number and name from SAU that relates to your chosen topic. Note: this is not necessarily the same unit in which your stories appear): Unit 2 â€Å"Types of characters† (p. 35), Unit 2 â€Å"Characterization† (p. 37), Unit 4 â€Å"Cultural and social setting† (p. 15), Unit 6 â€Å"Theme and interpretation† (p. 190). Primary Sources: (Required—two stories from Stories About Us) 1. A Handful of Dates 2. The Stolen Party Draft Main Points: (3 points, each relating to both stories) 1. The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to create and portray characters. 2. The characters of both the stories had gone throug h certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. 3. Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Draft Thesis Statement: (1—2 sentences; include subject, readings, and main points) The author of the story â€Å"A Handful of Dates† and the author of the story â€Å"The Stolen Party† are from different culture but treat a common theme of disillusionment. In my opinion characterization, experiences, and consequences are the most important aspects of these two stories. Planned Development: (Identify support from primary sources for main points; expand table by adding rows or sections as necessary) Point 1: (briefly restate your main point): The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to create and portray characters. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples| Page| The strange thing was he never use to go out go out with his father, rather it was my grandfather. | 21 (5)| â€Å"Rich people go to Heaven too,† said the girl, who studied religion at school. | 27 (5)| Unlike other children, he used to love to go to the mosque to learn the Koran. | 22 (10)| â€Å"Get away with Heaven,† said the mother. â€Å"The problem with you, young lady, is that you like to fart higher than your ass. †| 27 (10)| As for his beard, it was soft and luxuriant and as white as cotton-wool—never in my life have I seen anything of a purer whiteness or great beauty. 22 (25)| Rosaure loved everything in the big house and she also loved the people who lived there. | 28 (25)| | | | | Point 2: (briefly restate your main point): The characters of both the stories had gone through certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples | Page| â€Å"Yes my boy, forty years ago all this belonged to Masood-two-thirds of it is now mine. † | 23 (55)| Rosaura was the only one allowed into the kitchen. | 29 (55)| â€Å"I didn’t own a single feddan when I first set foot in this village. Masood was then the owner of all these riches. | 23 (60)| Rosaura felt she had never been so happy in all her life. | 30 (95)| He remembered that Masood remark to him â€Å"Palm trees, my boy, like humans, experience joy and suffering. † And I had felt an inward and unreasoned embarrassment. | 24 (100)| Rosaura thought that this was truly the most amusing party in the whole world. | 30 (115)| I looked at Masood and saw that his eyes were darting about to left and right like two mice that have lost their way home. | 25 (130)| | | Point 3: (briefly restate your main point): Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Story 1 Examples| Page| Story 2 Examples| Page| I felt myself drawing close to Masood. | 25 (135)| Rosaura also leaned forward, stretching out her arm. But she never completed the movement. | 32 (175)| For some unknown reason, I experienced a sharp sensation of pain in my chest. | 25 (140)| â€Å"You really and truly earned this,† she said handing them over. â€Å"Thank you for all your help, my pet. †| 32 (180)| I felt at that moment that I hated him. 25 (140)| Rosaura felt her arms stiffen, stick close to her body, and then she noticed her mother’s hand on her shoulder. | 32 (180)| Then, without knowing why, I put my finger into my throat and spewed up the dates I’d eaten. | 25 (145)| Rosaura’s eyes had a cold, clear look that fixed itself on Senora Ines’s face. | 32 (185)| Secondary Sources: (Required†”identify at least 2 appropriate, i. e. , literature specific, sources with APA documentation) 1. Hassan, W. S. (2003). Tayeb Salih: Ideology the craft of fiction. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2. Diaz, G. (2007). Women and power in Argentine literature: Stories, interviews, and critical essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 3. Dasgupta, G. , Mei, J. , J. (2005). Character and characterization. In G. Dasgupta J. J. Mei (Eds. ), Stories about us (pp. 37). Toronto, ON: Nelson. 4. Liliana Heker. (2003). In Contemporary Authors Online. Retrieved from Literature Resource Center. 5. Khan, R. Y. (2001). Childhood and modern Arabic literature: The initiation story. Arabic Middle Eastern Literatures, 4(2), 167-178. doi:10. 1080/13666160120057277 OPTIONAL: Other Possible Secondary Sources: (Optional: secondary sources from program course material or GNED 500 material, or other non-literature-specific sources, with APA documentation) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Planned Development: (Identify support for main points; expand table by adding rows or sections) Note: At this stage of essay development, it is not necessary to complete all sections of this table, but you should provide at least one item of secondary source support for each of your main points) Point 1: (briefly restate your main point): The writers of both the stories use the method of characterization to creat e and portray characters. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Masood, like Sheikh, is a loving and kind-hearted man who is deeply attached to his palm trees. (Diaz, G. 2007, p. 33)| 33| Implicit presentation of characters in action which is used primarily through dialogue and action of characters in a story (Dasgupta, G. , Mei, J. , J. , 2005, p. 38) | | 38| | | | | Point 2: (briefly restate your main point): The characters of both the stories had gone through certain experiences which they had encountered or undergone in the course of time. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| He has so far imagined that the field and playground â€Å"belonged to my grandfather ever since God’s creation,† turn out to have belonged to Masood(Diaz, G. , 2007, p. 4)| 34| Her memories of her childhood are quite clear and insightful- perhaps the reason for the numerou s stories she had written about children. (Hassan, W. S. , 2003, p. 185) | | 185| | | | | | | | | Point 3: (briefly restate your main point): Consequences which they met at the end of the stories for something which happened earlier. Story 1 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| Story 2 Examples Secondary Source Support| Page| It is a fall from childhood innocence that comes about with knowledge. (Diaz, G. , 2007, p. 34)| 34| What she discovers is that she has just begun her own training in servitude. (â€Å"Liliana Heker,† 2003, para. 2) | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite How to Make Draft Essay from This Outline, Essay examples

Julius Caesar - Analysis Of Brutus Essays - , Term Papers

Julius Caesar - Analysis of Brutus William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in charge of the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After examining Brutus' relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, and his importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if he/she is close to him/her. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar but fears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, "What means this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their king...yet I love him well."(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to "climber-upward...He then unto the ladder turns his back..."(act 2, scene 1, ll.24,26). As the quote says, Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesar's death. "Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome..."(act 3, scene 1, ll.185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot see their(members of the conspiracy) hearts, which are full of pity. Again, this shows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says to himself, "I know no personal cause to spurn at him...How that might change his nature..."(act 2, scene1, ll. 1,13) Caesar's relationship with Brutus is also strong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless of personal danger. On the Ides of March, as Caesar was assassinated, Caesar's last line is: "Et tu, Brute?--Then fall, Caesar."(act 3, scene 1, l.85). This shows that Caesar would not die without Brutus' stab. Caesar realizes that there must be a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again shows how much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, but in different ways. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the "back-bone" of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus' main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesar's assassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for another "insurance policy" for the assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, "Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. "(act 3, scene 1, ll.135-136). Again, if Brutus leads the way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasn't such a bad thing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is to save Rome. He says to the people that, "If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene 2,ll.21-24). If Brutus was not in the plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the conspiracy would probably not have worked. Since Brutus "...loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene2, ll.23-24), he decided to be a part of the conspiracy. If he hadn't loved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not have continued on without Brutus because they would have no "insurance" afterwards. The people would think that there was no reason for Caesar's death and most likely beheaded all the

The Russian Revolution by Sheila Fitzpatrick

The Russian Revolution by Sheila Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 2008. The Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press is a book exploring the Russian Revolution: 1917 – 1932. I have chosen this book for analysis in order to improve my knowledge of that historic period and get better understanding of the essence, causes and aims of the Revolution.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Russian Revolution by Sheila Fitzpatrick specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second reason for my choice was that I wanted to examine new approaches to the issue and develop my critical thinking as this book provides a new perspective and new aspects of the historical events. It is a sort of reading for those who are critical about history and want to develop personal opinion independent from a generally accepted point of view. In addition, the book is not very long, but rich in content and provides not only general information, but details of that historical per iod. What is more, the book is easy to read. The topic of the book is Russian Revolution, its aims, purposes, causes, consequences and flow. There are different approaches to the time period that can be considered revolutionary. The author of this book defines the following frames: â€Å"The timespan of the Russian Revolution runs from February 1917 to the Great Purge of 1937-8. The different stages – the February and October Revolutions of 1917, the Civil War, the interlude of NEP, Stalin’s â€Å"revolution from above†, its aftermath and the Great Purges – are treated as district episodes in a twenty-year process of revolution† (Fitzpatrick 2008, 4). The book consists of chapters which contain comprehensive and critical analysis of each period supported by various historiographical references. Three major themes of the Russian Revolution are discussed in each chapter. The first theme is the Bolsheviks’ vision of the revolution as a mean of modernization of the society. Fitzpatrick defines the goal of Bolsheviks as â€Å"revolution as a means of escaping backwardness.† (Fitzpatrick 2008, 4). The second major theme is the class theme: revolution as the â€Å"mission of proletariat† to create a new working class. The third team discloses the problem of violence and terror that took place in the country.Advertising Looking for report on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author provides the information on how Revolution â€Å"dealt with its enemies† (that often were innocent people), what meaning it had for the government and why the government was so afraid of those â€Å"enemies†. The author presents the Revolution as a set of agitations and recurrences. She describes the results of the Revolution as positive to a certain extent. The Stalin’s Revolution extended the direct state over the economy and gre atly improved the economic state of the country. Fitzpatrick states that Russian peasants were more progressive than in the rest of the Western Europe, as a consequence, they formed a new class of workers. The Stalin’s Revolution provided new and productive ways of exploiting peasant agriculture. The state was strong and â€Å"disciplined†. However, the author emphasizes the price of that power: â€Å"The persecution of â€Å"class enemies† in collectivization and the Cultural Revolution had left a complex legacy of bitterness, fear, and suspicion, as well as encouraging such practices as denunciation, purging, and â€Å"self-criticism† (Fitzpatrick 2008, 148). We can consider this book a highly reliable source of information, as its author, Sheila Fitzpatrick, is a renowned specialist in the field of the Soviet History. She made a great contribution to the study of Soviet History, as well as modern Russian history. Among her recent publications are Ever yday Stalinism (2000), Tear of the Mask! Identity and Imposture in Twentieth-Century Russia (2005). Her works primarily focus on the social and cultural history of Russia of the Stalin period. Her biography is rich in awards, among which is a Mellon Foundation Distinguished Achievement Award. She is also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Her works are not a mere description of events and personalities. She provides her vision of the problem or historical event which is based on archive materials and researches by other Western authors. The book is also very interesting to read as the author has a particular approach to the subject discussed. First of all, the author provides the idea that Russian society was not ready for revolution and that Russian Revolution of 1917 was a â€Å"contradiction† to the idea of Marx’s revolution. The citizens were the rural peasants who were industrial workers and they were more willing for a revolt than Marx expecte d them to be.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Russian Revolution by Sheila Fitzpatrick specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another Fitzpatrick’s idea that generally contradicts a commonly accepted point of view that October Revolution contributed strength and discipline to the organization of the state. The author argues this point of view. She states that Provisional Government decided to â€Å"intransigent radicalism on the extreme left of the political spectrum† (Fitzpatrick 2008, 48) and could be seen by people as the only not corrupted part. The capture of power by Bolsheviks was just the first step of the Revolution. The next step was a Civil War that had a great influence on the flow of it and on the establishment of the Soviet power. However, the author does not try to persuade the reader in her point of view, she only presents facts and provides her assumptions. The task of the reader is to develop personal vision of the historical events and it not necessary should coincide with the author’s. The author assumes that: â€Å"For Russians and other former soviet citizens, the collapse of the Soviet Union meant a fundamental reappraisal of the meaning of the Revolution, previously hailed as the foundational event of the â€Å"world’s first social state† and now seen by many as a wrong turning that took Russia off course for seventy-four years† (Fitzpatrick 2008, 4). The author generally accepts this vision and analyzes the most important changes from the historical perspective. As the author used new document that became available after 1991, her vision of the Revolution has changed in some aspects. Outlining some positive sides of it, the author emphasizes the mistakes that were done. She supports her point of view with convincing evidences and analysis of works by other authors. Having read this book, I developed a bit different vision on the Russian Revolution. I can come to a conclusion that people were not ready for it and the actions that government undertook were contradictory to those suggested by Marx as people did not understand the essence of Revolution.Advertising Looking for report on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the idea of revolution â€Å"to put power into hand of the working class† failed and all people got was just another government which tried to build new society subordinate to new rules. However, in general the book does not present different information, it just adds new details and evidences to what have already been studied. It is a good book for those who want a critique vision of the history. Reference List Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 2008. The Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.

30 More Nautical Expressions

30 More Nautical Expressions 30 More Nautical Expressions 30 More Nautical Expressions By Mark Nichol After launching a list of seafaring idioms on a previous online cruise, I discovered a cargo hold of additional expressions that originated on the high seas but have come to rest high and dry on land. Here’s the haul. 1. All at sea: lost because of lack of knowledge of one’s position (confused and disorganized) 2. At loose ends: a reference to idle sailors being assigned to check that rigging is secure (idle) 3. Bail out: remove water from (assist or rescue) 4. Broad in the beam: said of a wide vessel (said of a large-hipped woman) 5. By and large: said in reference to steering slightly off the wind to ease effort and decrease the risk of slowing (in general, without special consideration) 6. Cut and run: sever the anchor line in an emergency (leave abruptly and abandoning others) 7. Fall foul of: collide with or become entangled in (come into conflict with) 8. First-rate: the largest class of warships during the sailing era (best) 9. Flog a dead horse: a reference to a period of work after getting and spending an initial payment (focusing on something already completed or settled) 10. Flotsam and jetsam: items lost or thrown overboard, respectively (odds and ends) 11. Give a wide berth: provide sufficient space when anchoring or docking to avoid other ships (keep at a distance) 12. Go by the board: a reference to something lost overboard (said of something to be abandoned or ignored) 13. Hail from: referring to the point of origin of a ship (come from, live) 14. Half seas over: partly submerged or keeled over so that waves are breaking over the deck, and therefore unable to maneuver effectively (drunk) 15. Hand over fist: using one hand at a time in quick alternating movements (rapidly) 16. Hard and fast: grounded (inflexible) 17. Hard up: a reference to the tiller being pushed as far to one side as possible (short of money) 18. High and dry: beached or caught on rocks and standing out of the water as the tide recedes (stranded or without resources or support) 19. In the offing: in sight, from the term for the expanse of ocean visible from shore (about to happen) 20. Know the ropes/learn the ropes: a reference to understanding knots, ropes, and rigging (familiarity with or training in how to perform a task) 21. Loose cannon: a piece of artillery that is not secure and therefore can cause damage or injury when it rolls on its wheels from the ship’s movement or from its recoil after being fired (out of control or unpredictable) 22. Ship shape: ready for sailing, with equipment and materials secured (clean, neat, in good condition) 23. Skylarking: sliding down rigging for fun (engaging in playful antics) 24. Take another tack: change the ship’s direction in relation to the wind (try another approach) 25. Take the wind out of one’s sails: a reference to the loss of movement when another vessel comes between the wind and one’s ship (to undermine another, usually by anticipating an action) 26. Taken aback: halted by a sudden shift of wind (surprised by a revelation) 27. Three sheets to the wind: a reference to the sheets (ropes) of a sail becoming loosened, rendering the sail useless (drunk) 28. Trim one’s sails (before the wind): adjust sails as appropriate (act according to circumstances) 29. When one’s ship comes home: a reference to the arrival of a fully laden cargo ship that will bring profit to the owner or investors (achievement of fortune or good luck) 30. Whistle for it/whistle for the wind: from the tradition of superstitiously whistling to summon the wind (hope for the impossible) At least two nautical expressions, â€Å"between the devil and the deep (blue) sea† (meaning, essentially, â€Å"between a rock and a hard place†) and â€Å"to the bitter end† (meaning â€Å"to the last extremity, regardless of difficulty†), have been attributed to seafaring origins, but the idioms, or similar expressions, may have come from earlier landlubber usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsRunning Amok or Running Amuck?Charles's Pen and Jesus' Name

To what extent does Channel Four continue to fulfil its original remit Essay

To what extent does Channel Four continue to fulfil its original remit Is that remit still relevant in the current broadcasting environment - Essay Example The recent reality show of the Big Brother has been a huge hit among the viewers of the UK. From its humble beginnings, the channel has matured to one of the most popular channels in the UK. In 1995, Brookside attracted nine million viewers. â€Å"Four Weddings and a Funeral† drew eleven million viewers. These programs have been an integral part of the success of the channel. The channel has been following its remit in the broadcast of its programs. The remit of the company as stated in its website is as follows: â€Å"Foster the new and experimental in television.   It will encourage pluralism, provide a favored place for the untried and encourage innovation in style content perspective and talent on and off screen†. (Twenty years of Channel 4; Statement of promises). Throughout its history, the channel has been introducing programs that have been hardly viewed by the people of the UK earlier. The remit of the channel has been to introduce innovation in the programs in the channel. The channel has a full repertoire of programs ranging from drama, films, comedy, documentaries etc. Channel 4 has covered almost all the genres of entertainment. The channel has been targeting the youth with its programs, which has been attacked by Sir Jeremy Isaacs, the founder of the channel. In his words, "To target and reach a demographically clearly defined audience - the 18-35 year-olds - and single-mindedly commission a bulk of programmes that suits their tastes, however laddish or yobbish." (Twenty years of Channel 4) The choice of the programs in the case of the channel has been increasingly linked to the needs of the younger generation. The use of the adultery, sex etc. in the programs has been popular. This has been seen in the case of all the genres of the programs. In the case of comedy, the programs like â€Å"Balls of Steel† have a rich content of adult humor. The program

Implement a marketing solution (case study) Case Study

Implement a marketing solution ( ) - Case Study Example 2007). By taking the consumers' needs and wants into consideration, Gillette is offering those products with proper design and accuracy for achieving customer satisfaction. It is a product which provides ultimate satisfaction to its consumers. The main feature of Gillette is that it is having five blade frontage technologies. Even though Gillette is having a brand loyalty among the consumers, still it is facing healthy competition from rivalries. The fact behind this is none other than the expensive price tags that Gillette products come with, as compared to other products. Despite being one of the leading companies in the industry, they are facing competition. Following are the leading competitors of Gillette fusion razor: The primary market for Gillette is basically the wholesale distributors in the market. The distributors are the first purchaser of the product. There is a direct relation between the producer and the distributor. Secondary market is the second stage in the movement of a product in the market. Secondary market represents the retailers of the product. The consumers normally buy the product from the secondary market. 1) Increased quality: this strategy of Gillette states that the company is not interested in making profits at the cost of qual

Benefits And Barriers To Ehr Health And Social Care Essay

Benefits And Barriers To Ehr Health And Social Care Essay Health informatics is a multidisciplinary area which covers medicine, technology and people. The area puts an emphasis on implementation of information technology and computer science to health care to better manage it. E-health or electronic healthcare is a relatively new discipline introduced to improve patient care, shorten delay times, and prevent errors in clinical settings. Electronic health record (EHR) is an electronic record of patients medical history which includes but is not limited to medications, X-rays, allergies, immunizations etc often accessed by authorized personnel (doctors, nurses and pharmacists) at hospitals and clinics. This will replace paper and eliminate the need for manual paperwork which is unreliable and tedious. According to International Journal of Medical Informatics V. 78, By 2041, 22% of the Canadian population is expected to be aged 65 or over, up from 13% in 2001 (The Change Foundation, 2005). As the elderly population start to retire, the cost an d demand of healthcare increases drastically. This also increases the risks of diseases with aging such as type two diabetes, cardiovascular disease, different types of cancer, arthritis, Alzheimers disease and more. Thusly, new and efficient systems are needed for this to better handle this trend. EHR is necessary to fulfill the gaps between health supply and demand, it will benefit patients, health care personnel and improve health care system overall. There are both benefits and barriers to EHR; fortunately, there are ways to overcome the barriers and implement EHR in Canada. The main benefit of EHR for patients include the general improvement for quality of care by providing detailed information about patients medicine intake and history, consequently preventing errors in the future. Other benefits include the mobility of records from medical institutions, hence helping those in remote areas. There would also be fewer waiting times in emergency rooms and clinics since medical personnel have instant access to patients record. EHR also benefits healthcare providers and workers by reducing time spent on paperwork and increasing productivity; while providing efficient and comprehensive care to the patients. In spite of this, some critical barriers do prevent it from adoption. The major concern is privacy of patients records and security. Privacy is a very significant issue and individuals want their information to be in safe hands. O ther barriers include initial setup costs and training for new technologies. Overcoming these barriers will require time and incentives both from public and government which will be discussed later. In conclusion, implementing electronic health records in Canada and overcoming the barriers will benefit patients, healthcare personnel and improve the healthcare system overall. Background New technology has benefited humans to a great extent and EHR is certainly no exception. EHR has existed in Canada for a while but it is still not fully acknowledged by the public. There are television commercials from Canada Health Infoway promoting and raising awareness of EHR in Ontario and British Colombia. The Canadian government has dedicated $1.6 billion to Health Infoway whose objective is to implement a pan-Canadian EHR and provide records to all Canadians by 2015. Alberta has already launched a successful system called Netcare which lets physicians, hospitals and pharmacists access secured online system and observe patients health information. Netcare is one of the reasons why Alberta has the most efficient and best health care system in Canada. On the other hand, Ontario has recently suffered from an appalling scandal which resulted into an estimated $1 billion wasted. eHealth Ontario has come under criticism as well. In April 2009, the provinces opposition parties argued that the government wasted $647 million developing electronic health records before they shut down the SSHA only to start again from scratch with eHealth Ontario (CBC News, 2009). The Health ministry of Ontario needs to take responsibility, stop wasting taxpayers money and implement this system which is long overdue. Other countries have already introduced EHR, such as United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands and New Zealand. Canada and United States are still debating adoption and falling behind. Majority of the countries which have implemented EHR have national health insurance system which is funded through taxes, similar to Canada. Yet Canada is trailing behind due to ethical and political barriers. It is disappointing to some extent that Canada as a developed nation still lags behind other countries in health care advancements. Nonetheless, these barriers can be solved through increased funding, incentives and establishment of secure systems. How does EHR benefit patients and health care workers? Physicians will benefit greatly from EHR, according to the International Journal of Medical Informatics V. 76 A recent survey of U.S. primary care physician found that almost 75% indicated that these applications could reduce errors; 70% perceived IT as potentially increasing their productivity; over 60% indicated that IT tools have the potential to reduce costs and help patients assume more responsibility (J.G. Anderson/E.A. Balas, 2006). EHR helps medical staff keep track of patients prescribed medicines, previous health conditions, allergies and chronic diseases. This ensures physicians are fully aware of situation and can provide proper treatment with smaller chances of making errors. EHR provides access to current information at the point of care. It gives medical service providers access to key patient information along with online decision support and reference tools. It also helps reduce the possibility of medical errors, assists with compliance issues, and decreases the pote ntial for adverse drug reactions. Features like lab value trends and drug monographs also help with patient consultations. (Alberta Netcare, EHR). This benefits both physicians and patients. For example, if someone has a minor or major accident and is rushed to an emergency room for medical attention, the doctor is required to question the patient for previous medication, history, allergies etc. It is difficult for a patient to recall their history in such a state and is generally unable to communicate. This wastes time and becomes more likely for the doctor to misdiagnosis. According to Health Infoway, Right now in Canada, the lack of a comprehensive EHR system, for every 1,000: Hospital admissions, 75 people will suffer an adverse drug event; Patients with an ambulatory encounter, 20 will suffer a serious drug occurrence; Laboratory tests performed, up to 150 will be unnecessary; Emergency room visits, 320 patients will have an information gap, resulting in an average increased stay of 1.2 hours (Strasbourg, Health Infoway). If EHR were present, the doctor would have had instant access to patients medication history, allergies thus avoiding unnecessary testing. Also, i t would allow a quicker diagnosis with little or no mistakes. This will save great amount of time in emergency rooms therefore reducing lines and making health care system more efficient. Some hospitals in North America do possess EHR systems but its restricted to that specific institution. If EHR connections between hospitals and other medical institutions are established, it becomes easier for health care practitioners to assess patients and provide service. As a result, EHR allows medical professionals in remote areas to access information using network and vice versa. In conclusion, there are some major benefits to EHR which could provide assistance to Canadas healthcare system and improve quality of care. What are the barriers and risks? There are some significant barriers which prevent EHR from implementing in Ontario and other provinces. The main and most controversial barrier is privacy and security of patients health record. EHRs contain very personal important information about a patient which includes demographics, prescribed medicines, allergies, immunizations, lab tests, X-rays and other reports. It would be devastating and very dangerous if records fall into the wrong hands and/or are mistreated. There has been an incident where a patients privacy was not respected. A guilty plea and hefty fine for unauthorized access to personal health information sets a very important precedent for health care providers, says Information and Privacy Commissioner Frank Work. A medical office clerk from Calgary pleaded guilty to charges of improperly accessing another persons medical information, in contravention of the Health Information Act (HIA). The individual appeared in Calgary court Friday and was fined $10,000. This is the first time that charges have laid under the HIA. (Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Alberta, 2007) This creates fear in the minds of the public and privacy and security is at stake despite laws and regulations. These incidents are rare but they do expose the lack of privacy and vulnerability of EHR to disloyal employees. There are also claims that EHRs access to internet and broad systems make it vulnerable to hackers. Figure 1 shows different factors which affect the objective of implementation. (International journal of medical informatics V28) Another barrier to EHR is the initial setup costs and hiring/training staff for new technologies. Developing integrated organizations can be costly and require years before efficiencies are realized. Information technology supports integrated care as EHR allows physicians to access patient information through centralized network (Mary E. Wiktorowicz, p. 301). This can be very expensive because governments have to establish centralized system to store, protect and handle records. As mentioned earlier, vast amount of funding ($1 billion) for eHealth has already been wasted in Ontario and it will be more difficult for taxpayers to reimburse this especially during these harsh economic times. Great incentive and financial support is needed from public to accomplish this venture. All paper records have to be transformed into electronic which will be very time consuming. In conclusion, there are some significant barriers which hinder the implementation of EHR. Overcoming barriers As mentioned already, there are existing laws which already protect the privacy of Canadians. EHR must obey The Privacy Act whose purpose is to extend the present laws of Canada that protect the privacy of individuals with respect to personal information about themselves held by a government institution and that provide individuals with a right of access to that information (Privacy Act 1985, c. P-21). The Government of Canada and medical institution have a responsibility of protecting and insuring the security of medical records. Alberta has also introduced Health Information Act (HIA) which setup guidelines for both patients and health care workers. This act requires workers (authorized) to access files only when necessary and in professional manner. So far there has only been one situation which set a precedent and sent a serious message to all health care custodians and their employees. This is a very serious matter, and health care providers must know that surfing records for pe rsonal purposes will not be tolerated and individuals will be prosecuted (Wayne Wood, 2007). Medical personnel that violate policy and law are held criminally responsible and their jobs are taken away immediately. Thus it would not be wise for any staff to commit such actions which would cost them their jobs, salary or even end up in jail. EHR are still more secure than ordinary paper records. For example, in November 2008 a reporter of RTV West, a local Dutch radio network, asked for a copy of medical records in several hospitals and asked to fax them to his home. He easily got six out of eight requests without any questions. In the two other cases the hospitals solely requested a written permission (i.e. a signature) (Laurens J. van Baardewijk, Amsterdam Law Forum). This exposes the weak and unsecure system of paper records. Fax machines, telephone and mail systems are very unreliable. There have been numerous incidents involving paper medical records either used improperly by clinical staff or stolen by an intruder and used for unlawful purposes. This is due to lack of security and reliability of traditional paper records. On the other hand, EHR requires login information from health care professionals and authorization is required from patient and worker. All EHR systems are encrypted and only accessible to authori zed users (doctors, nurses, health care workers). Encryption is established into multiple layers which require multiple login sessions and online security monitoring. This makes it extremely difficult for hackers to access the system; consequently, EHR system is both safe and secure. Initial costs are very high and taxes have to increased once again to successful establish this system. An EHR system in Ontario does not necessarily have to cost a fortune, because they could simply borrow and emulate the system from other provinces such as Alberta. McMaster University has already developed a beta system for EHR in hospitals but Ministry of Health is not paying close attention. Nonetheless, EHR system will be established very soon throughout Canada and once its established, itll decrease medical costs by $6 billion. This will eventually decrease the amount of taxes issued significantly, especially in Ontario. It will also create new jobs in health informatics field and provide training to nurses and doctors. It is estimated around 40,000 new jobs will be created. The benefits of EHR are far greater than the risks and barriers. EHR will certainly benefit Canadians and improve our health care system. Conclusion EHR has benefits, barriers and risks, but it is now evident that the benefits outweigh the risks. EHR will be available to all Canadians soon in the future despite the barriers because as population increases, diseases increases and senior citizen population increases accordingly. Therefore, demand for health care rises as more people are waiting in lines for hospitals and clinics. Comprehensive and efficient EHR systems are very crucial to meet health demands of citizens. Some key benefits include the improvement of quality of care by providing information about history consequently preventing errors in the future. Other benefits include the mobility of records from medical institutions and reducing waiting times in emergency rooms and clinics since medical personnel have instant access to patients record. It also benefits health care providers and workers by reducing time spent on paperwork and increasing productivity while providing efficient and comprehensive care to the public. Privacy and security issues still remain; nonetheless, they will be resolved with new laws and technological improvements. Initial setup will be expensive but EHRs benefits are vital to Canadas health care system. Canada needs to catch up to other developed countries in health informatics and improve health care system. To conclude, implementing EHR in Canada will benefit patients, health care personnel and improve health care system overall.

Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications

Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications. Different kinds of psychotherapies have existed throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P. , 1997). Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. & Olson S. , 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sports, but behavior therapy in clinical settings is largely concerned with the assessment of mental health problems.In general, behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims on changing undesirable types of behavior. It engages in identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier ones. . According to Rimm D. & Masters J. (1974), the label â€Å"behavior therapy† comprises a large number of different techniques that make use of psychological-especially learning- principles to deal with maladaptive human behavior. Behavior therapy is a relative new kind of psychotherapy (Corsini R. & Wedding D. , 2008).As a systematic approach, behavior therapy began in the 1950’s, in order to assess and treat psychological disorders. Behavior therapy was developed by a small group of psychologists and physicians who were not satisfied with the conventional techniques of psychotherapy (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). They linked behavior therapy to experimental psychology, differentiating it from other preexisting approaches. During behavior therapy’s first phase, the applied developed from principles of classical and operant conditioning. There are varying views about the best way to define behavior therapy.However, most health professionals agree to Eysenck's definition: â€Å"Behavior therapy is the attempt to alter human behavior and emotions in a beneficial way according to the laws of modern learning theory†. Erwin E. (1978), ins tead of proposing a specific definition for behavior therapy, he referred to some basic and important characteristics that this therapy possesses. According to Erwin, behavior therapy is used largely to lessen human suffering or to improve human functioning. He pointed out that it is a psychological rather than a biological form of treatment.In the cases of phobias treatment, behavior therapy is usually applied to treat the symptoms directly. Moreover, behavior therapy is characteristically used to modify maladaptive behavior or to teach adaptive behavior. This means that the focus is on individuals’ behavior. In some cases, behavior therapy techniques may even be used to reduce unwanted mental states as in Davinson’s (1968) use of counterconditioning to reduce sadistic fantasy, simply because the mental state itself is unwanted (as stated in Erwin, 1978).Another basic characteristic of behavior therapy is that it is often used in an incremental rather than a holistic fashion. Problems that are to be treated are first divided into their components and each component is treated separately. Last, behavior therapy is studied and used experimentally, being closely related to learning theory research. Three main approaches in contemporary behavior therapy have been identified (Corsini R. et al, 2008). These are the applied behavior analysis (ABA), the neobehavioristic meditational stimulus-response model, and the social cognitive theory.ABA refers to the application of the principles of learning and motivation from Behavior Analysis (the scientific study of behavior), and the procedures and technology derived from those principles, to the solution of problems of social significance. This approach is based on Skinner’s radical behaviorism. It identifies behaviors that should be extinguished and behaviors that are to be taught. It makes use of reinforcement, punishment, extinction, stimulus control, and other procedures derived from laboratory re search (Corsini R. et al, 2008).It is most frequently applied to children with autistic spectrum disorders, but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. The neobehavioristic meditational stimulus-response (S-R) model features the applications of the principles of classical conditioning, and it derives from the learning theories of Ivan Pavlov, E. Guthrie, lark Hull, O. Mowrer, and N. Miller (as cited in Corsini et al, 2008). The S-R model has been linked to systematic desensitization and flooding.Systematic desensitization was developed by Joseph Wolpe (1958). It is a therapy for phobias based on counterconditioning -a technique for eliminating a conditioned response that involves pairing a conditioned stimulus with another unconditioned stimulus to condition a new response. If the new response in incompatible with the old response, so that only one response can occur at a time, then the new response can r eplace the old one. In systematic desensitization, patients visualize fear- evoking stimuli while relaxing, to associate the stimuli with relaxation instead of fear. (Lieberman D. , 2004).Flooding is another psychotherapeutic technique discovered by psychologist Thomas Stampfl (1967) (as cited in Harold, 1990) that is still used in behavior therapy to treat phobias. It works by exposing the individual to painful memories they already have aiming to put together their repressed feelings with their current awareness. Flooding works on the principles of classical conditioning (Lieberman D. , 2004). Social cognitive theory (SCT) refers to learning in terms of interaction between external stimulus response, external reinforcement, and cognitive meditational processes (Corsini et al 2008).Personal and environmental factors do not function as independent determinants; rather, they determine each other. It is mainly through their behavior that individuals produce the environmental condition s that affect their behavior in a mutual way. New experiences are evaluated in relation to the past; prior experiences help to subsequently direct and inform the individual as to how the present should be considered. Behavior therapy has mainly been associated with the era between 1950 and 1960, especially with the theories of I. Pavlov, E. Skinner, J. Wolpe, and A.Bandura (Yates A. , 1975). It is a clinical application of psychology that relies on empirically-validated principles and procedures (Plaud, 2001). Since the first behavior therapy alternatives to the psychoanalysis and other associated therapies were introduced almost 50 ago (Wolpe, 1958), constant improvements in behavior therapy have mostly been supplied by its foundation on conditioning principles and theories (Eifert ; Plaud, 1998). Specifically, behavior therapy relies exclusively on the experimental methodology initiated by I. Pavlov. Clinical applications of Pavlovian onditioning principles began in 1912, when one of Pavlov’s students, was the first to establish the counter-conditioning effect in the laboratory. Studies on anxiety have considerably assisted behavior therapy’s development. According to Wolpe and Plaud (1997), Wolpe’s experimental studies were based on the implications of early Pavlovian experiments by giving emphasis to the importance of the conditioning procedures. Actually, Wolpe made important contributions to behavioral therapy, such as proposing systematic desensitization and assertiveness training, both of which have become important elements of behavioral therapy.Albert Bandura is usually associated with the development of the social cognitive theory (Corsini et al, 2008). Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory derived from social learning theory. It aims to explain how behavioral principles and norms are learned through an interaction of the individual and his/her environment, mostly through the observing others. Skinner worked on radical behavi orism. He rejected traditional psychology and all the included concepts that referred to what he called mentalism.That meant any concept that revealed a belief in cause and effect relationships between mental activities and learned behavior. In the 1966 edition of his 1928 book, The Behavior of Organisms, Skinner still named the belief that emotions are important factors in behavior a â€Å"mental fiction. † In addition, he thought that it is wrong, or at least not scientific, to consider that people cry because they are sorry or tremble because they are afraid. Behavior therapy developed rapidly. Three â€Å"waves†, that actually are three divisions of the behavior therapy’s development, have been proposed.The first wave focused mainly on altering overt behavior. The second wave focused on the cognitive factors that contribute to behavior. This approach is also known as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The â€Å"third wave† of behavior therapy was propo sed by Hayes, Hollette, and Linehan (as cited in Corsini et al, 2008). It includes dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). On the whole, DBT claims that some individuals, due to unfavorable environments during childhood and due to unknown biological factors, react abnormally to emotional stimulation.Their level of arousal increases much more rapidly, peaks at a higher level, and takes more time to go back to baseline. DBT is a technique for learning skills that aids to reduce this reaction. DBT applies mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills (Yates A. , 1975). Mindfulness skills include core skills. They are the most difficult skills to accomplish, but when learned, the process of thoughts and emotions occurs in an significantly different manner.Some of the processes included to the mindfulness skill, as listed by Corsini et al (2008), are the following: Observe or attend to emotions without trying to terminate them when painful, describe a thought or emotion, be nonjudgmental, stay in the present, focus on one thing at a time (one-mindfully). Mindfulness skills are applied in later sessions, when the other (three) types of skills on focus. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a quite new type of psychotherapy, found by Steven C. Hayes in the mid 1990s.It is the development and combination of behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which has mostly been the established therapy for treatment of conditions like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Acceptance and commitment therapy, like CBT, is based on the philosophy of â€Å"Functional Contextualism†, a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism, suggesting that words and ideas can only be understood within some kind of context and they are therefore often misinterpreted due to the fact that people have individual contexts.An ad ditional therapy that has had an impact on ACT is Relational Frame therapy, a type of behavioral analysis focused on language and learning. ACT is differentiated from CBT since it directly accepts the thought, â€Å"Everybody hates me. † This thought is viewed without passion, and sometimes it is transformed to a phrase like â€Å"I am having the thought that everybody hates me. † Ding so may be repeated until the thought becomes defused. Hayes identifies about 100 defusion techniques in ACT. Previous distracting thoughts are not actively dismisses by the individual going through ACT.This is another distinguishing factor from CBT which intends to reduce distracting and unhelpful thoughts. ACT therapists argue that the process of their therapy is much briefer than CBT, and for that reason it is considered more effective. There is a variety of concepts referring to behavior therapy. Two main categories of those concepts are the learning principles and the personal variab les. In classical conditioning, the researcher begins with identifying a reflex response, one that is activated regularly by a specific stimulus (Thorpe et al, 1990). In humans, these reflexes include he eye-blink response to dust or a puff of air in the eye, and the reflex of the knee jerk reflex in response to a hit in the correct point by the researcher’s hammer. Such reflexes appear regularly without any particular guidance, so they are considered to be unlearned or unconditioned. Classical conditioning occurs when a new stimulus acquires the ability to trigger one of these reflex responses. Operant conditioning makes use of the principles of (positive or negative) reinforcement and (positive/negative) punishment to bring about a desired response. (Lieberman D. 1994). Positive reinforcement is the presentation of something pleasant or rewarding immediately following a behavior, but In Negative Reinforcement a particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of the s topping or avoiding of a negative condition. Moving to punishment, negative punishment occurs when in an attempt to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of a desired stimulus, though in positive punishment an operant response is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.Operant conditioning occurs when a consequence eventually becomes expected for a particular behavior. One example would be when a student is rewarded for getting good grades. The positive outcome of their behavior to study and achieve gain those grades is motivated by the anticipation of a positive result in addition to the good grades. In order to teach individuals complex tasks, Skinner proposed a system of successive approximations of operant learning where tasks are broken down into several steps that, when individually learned, summarily progress towards the complex task desired.Extinction refers to the reducing the probability o f a response when a characteristic reinforcing stimulus is no longer presented. Discrimination learning is the process by which individuals learn to differentiate their responses to different stimuli. When the opposite occurs, that is when individuals fail to discriminate between different situations ending up with behavior on situations other than that in which it was acquired, generalization takes place (Corsini R. et al, 2008). Personal variables that were proposed by Mischel (1973, as cited in Corsini R. et al, 2008), explain and â€Å"swapping† between individual and situation.They include the individual’s competences to create varied behaviors under appropriate conditions, his/her perception of events and people (including the self), expectancies, subjective values and self-regulatory systems. Behavior therapy is applied for and aims to treat only learned behavioral problems. Sometimes, however, health and learned behavioral problems coexist. Whether the individu al being in treatment has a learned behavioral problem alone, or a learned problem which coexists with a learned one has to be determined in the beginning of the process of behavior therapy.Two additional possible situations are either the individual in therapy to have a learned behavior problem as part of a psychosomatic disorder, or to have a medical problem that just appears to have been learned (Yates A. , 1975). Behavioral assessment is vital to behavior therapy. It developed rapidly during the 1970s, after initially being a covered part of behavior therapy in terms of research and professional development (Thorpe G. , et al, 1990). Now, behavior assessment is a rich and diverse subfield of behavior therapy that continues to develop rapidly.In clinical settings, behavior therapy is a method for treating mental health problems. Treatment involves proposing and putting into practice a plan of action that aims to resolve a problem. Deciding on the plan of action depends on the pro blem formulation so what has to be done in the early sessions of the therapy is the agreement of the therapist and the client on what is wrong and what has to be changed to improve or even eliminate it. Behavior therapy uses a number of assessment methods. In guided imagery the individual is guided in imagining a relaxing scene or series of experiences (Rimm D. t al, 1974). When an individual visualizes an imagined scene reacts as though it were actually occurring; therefore, imagined images can have a great impact on behavior. Role playing is a technique used in behavior therapy to provide partaking and involvement in the learning process (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). It helps the individual (learner) to receive objective feedback about his/her performance. Role playing techniques can be applied to motivate individuals pay more attention to their interpersonal state.One of its most important aspects is that it helps the learner experience a real life situation in a protected setting. Ph ysiological recording, self-monitoring, behavioral observation, and psychological tests and measurements are some more examples of the assessment techniques that can be applied during the behavior therapy (Corsini R. et al, 2008). In general, behavior therapists do not use standardized psychodiagnostic tests and projective tests. They broadly make use of checklists and questionnaires, self-report scales of depression, assertion inventories, etc.These assessment techniques are not sufficient for carrying out a functional analysis of the determinants of a problem, but they are useful in establishing the initial severity of the problem and charting therapeutic efficacy over the course of treatment. In conclusion, the clinical investigations of behavior therapists have significantly improved our understanding of how our behavior is coordinated with external events that occur in our lives; they have created ways of mediating in disturbing interpersonal aspects that were not efficiently t reated through other kinds of therapy.Behavior therapy can be applied to treat a full range of psychological disorders. These include anxiety disorders, depression and suicide, sexual dysfunctions, marital problems, eating and weight disorders, addictive disorders, schizophrenia, childhood disorders, phobias, pain management, hypertension, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, etc. (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). References Corsini R, & Wedding D. (2008). Current Psychotherapies. New York: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Eifert, G. , & Plaud, J. (1998). From behavior theory to behavior therapy (pp. 1-14).Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Erwin E. (1978). Behavior Therapy: Scientific, Philosophical, & Moral Foundations. New York: Cambridge University Press. Harold (1990). Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety. New York: Plenum Press. Lieberman D. (2004). Learning and Memory: an integrative approach. United states: Thomson Wadsworth. Plaud, J. (2001). Clinical science and human behavior. Jou rnal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 1089-1102. Rimm D. , & Masters J. (1974). Behavior Therapy: Techniques and Empirical Findings. New York: Academic press. Thorpe G. , & Olson S. 1990). Behavior Therapy: Concepts, Procedures and Applications. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Wachtel P. , (1997). Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, and the Relational World. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Wolpe, J. , & Plaud, J. (1997). Pavlov’s contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious. American Psychologist, 52, 966-972. Wolpe, Joseph. 1958. Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Yates A. , 1975). Theory and Practice in Behavior Therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms And Symptoms - 1486 Words

Some people may think that having bipolar disorder means that anyone with the disorder are just simply put, â€Å"crazy†, I was one of those people but the meanings of those two things couldn’t possibly be any more different. Bipolar disorder is defined as â€Å"A disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.†(google.com) â€Å"Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness with recurring episodes of mania and depression†(nami.org). â€Å"The term â€Å"bipolar† — which means â€Å"two poles† signifying the polar opposites of mania and depression†(healthline.com). This paper will explain what bipolar disorder consist of meaning; the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, different types, who is affected, what to avoid, and also the history of the illness. Bipolar disorder was first discovered by a man named Aretaeus in the 1st century. 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